{"id":6929,"date":"2025-07-13T05:13:06","date_gmt":"2025-07-13T05:13:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pdfdownload.co.in\/?p=9"},"modified":"2025-07-13T05:13:06","modified_gmt":"2025-07-13T05:13:06","slug":"laxmikant-polity-pdf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdfdrive\/laxmikant-polity-pdf\/","title":{"rendered":"[6th Edition] Indian Polity By M Laxmikant PDF Download"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Book<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Indian POLITY 6th EDITION<\/p>\n

By M Laxmikant 6th Edition<\/p>\n

(2019) With Samnya Gyan 2025<\/p>\n

\u00a0By Manohar Pandey<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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M Laxmikant<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Binding<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Paperback<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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2019<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Publisher<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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McGraw-Hill<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Edition<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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6TH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Board<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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CIVIL SERVICES, UPSC-PRE, UPSC-MAINS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Exam<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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CIVIL SERVICES, UPSC-PRE, UPSC-MAINS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Standard<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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CIVIL SERVICES, UPSC-PRE, UPSC-MAINS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Number of Pages<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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1533<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Language<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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English<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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Indian POLITY 6th EDITION<\/p>\n

\u00a0By M Laxmikant 6th Edition(2019)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

M Laxmikanth PDF<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Indian Polity by M Laxmikant 6th Edition Contents<\/strong><\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Preface to the Sixth Edition<\/li>\n
  • Preface to the First Edition<\/li>\n
  • Acknowledgements<\/li>\n
  • Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies\u2014Prelims)<\/li>\n
  • Year-Wise Break-up of the UPSC Marks on Indian Polity (General Studies\u2014Mains)<\/li>\n
  • About the Civil Services Examination<\/li>\n
  • List of Tables<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    PART-I Constitutional Framework<\/strong><\/h2>\n

    1. Historical Background<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. The Company Rule (1773\u20131858)<\/li>\n
    2. The Crown Rule (1858\u20131947)<\/li>\n
    3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      2. Making of the Constitution<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. Demand for a Constituent Assembly<\/li>\n
      2. Composition of the Constituent Assembly<\/li>\n
      3. Working of the Constituent Assembly<\/li>\n
      4. Committees of the Constituent Assembly<\/li>\n
      5. Enactment of the Constitution<\/li>\n
      6. Enforcement of the Constitution<\/li>\n
      7. Experts Committee of the Congress<\/li>\n
      8. Criticism of the Constituent Assembly<\/li>\n
      9. Important Facts<\/li>\n
      10. Hindi Text of the Constitution<\/li>\n
      11. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        3. Salient Features of the Constitution<\/h3>\n
          \n
        1. Salient Features of the Constitution<\/li>\n
        2. Criticism of the Constitution<\/li>\n
        3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          4. Preamble of the Constitution<\/h3>\n
            \n
          1. Text of the Preamble<\/li>\n
          2. Ingredients of the Preamble<\/li>\n
          3. Key Words in the Preamble<\/li>\n
          4. Significance of the Preamble<\/li>\n
          5. Preamble as Part of the Constitution<\/li>\n
          6. Amendability of the Preamble<\/li>\n
          7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            5. Union and its Territory<\/h3>\n
              \n
            1. Union of States<\/li>\n
            2. Parliament\u2019s Power to Reorganise the States<\/li>\n
            3. Exchange of Territories with Bangladesh<\/li>\n
            4. Evolution of States and Union Territories<\/li>\n
            5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              6. Citizenship<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. Meaning and Significance<\/li>\n
              2. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
              3. Citizenship Act, 1955<\/li>\n
              4. Single Citizenship<\/li>\n
              5. Overseas Citizenship of India<\/li>\n
              6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                7. Fundamental Rights<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                1. Features of Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                2. Definition of State<\/li>\n
                3. Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                4. Right to Equality<\/li>\n
                5. Right to Freedom<\/li>\n
                6. Right Against Exploitation<\/li>\n
                7. Right to Freedom of Religion<\/li>\n
                8. Cultural and Educational Rights<\/li>\n
                9. Right to Constitutional Remedies<\/li>\n
                10. Writs\u2014Types and Scope<\/li>\n
                11. Armed Forces and Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                12. Martial Law and Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                13. Effecting Certain Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                14. Present Position of Right to Property<\/li>\n
                15. Exceptions to Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                16. Criticism of Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                17. Significance of Fundamental Rights<\/li>\n
                18. Rights Outside Part III<\/li>\n
                19. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  8. Directive Principles of State Policy<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  1. Features of the Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  2. Classification of the Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  3. New Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  4. Sanction Behind Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  5. Criticism of the Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  6. Utility of Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  7. Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive<\/li>\n
                  8. Principles<\/li>\n
                  9. Implementation of Directive Principles<\/li>\n
                  10. Directives Outside Part IV<\/li>\n
                  11. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    9. Fundamental Duties<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    1. Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations<\/li>\n
                    2. List of Fundamental Duties<\/li>\n
                    3. Features of the Fundamental Duties<\/li>\n
                    4. Criticism of Fundamental Duties<\/li>\n
                    5. Significance of Fundamental Duties<\/li>\n
                    6. Verma Committee Observations<\/li>\n
                    7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      10. Amendment of the Constitution<\/h3>\n
                        \n
                      1. Procedure for Amendment<\/li>\n
                      2. Types of Amendments<\/li>\n
                      3. Criticism of the Amendment Procedure<\/li>\n
                      4. Notes and References<\/li>\n
                      5. 11 Basic Structure of the Constitution<\/li>\n
                      6. Emergence of the Basic Structure<\/li>\n
                      7. Elements of the Basic Structure<\/li>\n
                      8. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        PART-II System of Government<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                        12. Parliamentary System<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        1. Features of Parliamentary Government<\/li>\n
                        2. Features of Presidential Government<\/li>\n
                        3. Merits of the Parliamentary System<\/li>\n
                        4. Demerits of the Parliamentary System<\/li>\n
                        5. Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary System<\/li>\n
                        6. Distinction between Indian and British Models<\/li>\n
                        7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          13. Federal System<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          1. Federal Features of the Constitution<\/li>\n
                          2. Unitary Features of the Constitution<\/li>\n
                          3. Critical Evaluation of the Federal System<\/li>\n
                          4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            14. Centre\u2013State Relations<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            1. Legislative Relations<\/li>\n
                            2. Administrative Relations<\/li>\n
                            3. Financial Relations<\/li>\n
                            4. Trends in Centre\u2013State Relations<\/li>\n
                            5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              15. Inter-State Relations<\/h3>\n
                                \n
                              1. Inter-State Water Disputes<\/li>\n
                              2. Inter-State Councils<\/li>\n
                              3. Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings<\/li>\n
                              4. Inter-State Trade and Commerce<\/li>\n
                              5. Zonal Councils<\/li>\n
                              6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                16. Emergency Provisions<\/h3>\n
                                  \n
                                1. National Emergency<\/li>\n
                                2. President\u2019s Rule<\/li>\n
                                3. Financial Emergency<\/li>\n
                                4. Criticism of the Emergency Provisions<\/li>\n
                                5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  PART-III Central Government<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                  17. President<\/h3>\n
                                    \n
                                  1. Election of the President<\/li>\n
                                  2. Qualifications, Oath and Conditions<\/li>\n
                                  3. Term, Impeachment and Vacancy<\/li>\n
                                  4. Powers and Functions of the President<\/li>\n
                                  5. Veto Power of the President<\/li>\n
                                  6. Ordinance-Making Power of the President<\/li>\n
                                  7. Pardoning Power of the President<\/li>\n
                                  8. Constitutional Position of the President<\/li>\n
                                  9. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                    18. Vice-President<\/h3>\n
                                      \n
                                    1. Election<\/li>\n
                                    2. Qualifications, Oath and Conditions<\/li>\n
                                    3. Term and Vacancy<\/li>\n
                                    4. Powers and Functions<\/li>\n
                                    5. Indian and American Vice-Presidents Compared<\/li>\n
                                    6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                      19. Prime Minister<\/h3>\n
                                        \n
                                      1. Appointment of the Prime Minister<\/li>\n
                                      2. Oath, Term and Salary<\/li>\n
                                      3. Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister<\/li>\n
                                      4. Role Descriptions<\/li>\n
                                      5. Relationship with the President<\/li>\n
                                      6. Chief Ministers who became Prime Ministers<\/li>\n
                                      7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                        20. Central Council of Ministers<\/h3>\n
                                          \n
                                        1. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
                                        2. Nature of Advice by Ministers<\/li>\n
                                        3. Appointment of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                        4. Oath and Salary of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                        5. Responsibility of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                        6. Composition of the Council of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                        7. Council of Ministers vs Cabinet<\/li>\n
                                        8. Role of Cabinet<\/li>\n
                                        9. Role Descriptions<\/li>\n
                                        10. Kitchen Cabinet<\/li>\n
                                        11. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                          21. Cabinet Committees<\/h3>\n
                                            \n
                                          1. Features of Cabinet Committees<\/li>\n
                                          2. List of Cabinet Committees<\/li>\n
                                          3. Functions of Cabinet Committees<\/li>\n
                                          4. Groups of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                          5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                            22. Parliament<\/h3>\n
                                              \n
                                            1. Organisation of Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            2. Composition of the Two Houses<\/li>\n
                                            3. System of Elections to Lok Sabha<\/li>\n
                                            4. Duration of Two Houses<\/li>\n
                                            5. Membership of Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            6. Presiding Officers of Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            7. Leaders in Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            8. Sessions of Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            9. Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings<\/li>\n
                                            10. Legislative Procedure in Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            11. Joint Sitting of Two Houses<\/li>\n
                                            12. Budget in Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            13. Multifunctional Role of Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            14. Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control<\/li>\n
                                            15. Position of Rajya Sabha<\/li>\n
                                            16. Parliamentary Privileges<\/li>\n
                                            17. Sovereignty of Parliament<\/li>\n
                                            18. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                              23. Parliamentary Committees<\/h3>\n
                                                \n
                                              1. Meaning<\/li>\n
                                              2. Classification<\/li>\n
                                              3. Financial Committees<\/li>\n
                                              4. Departmental Standing Committees<\/li>\n
                                              5. Committees to Inquire<\/li>\n
                                              6. Committees to Scrutinise and Control<\/li>\n
                                              7. Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House<\/li>\n
                                              8. House-Keeping Committees<\/li>\n
                                              9. Consultative Committees<\/li>\n
                                              10. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                24. Parliamentary Forums<\/h3>\n
                                                  \n
                                                1. Establishment of the Forums<\/li>\n
                                                2. Objectives of the Forums<\/li>\n
                                                3. Composition of the Forums<\/li>\n
                                                4. Functions of the Forums<\/li>\n
                                                5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                  25. Parliamentary Group<\/h3>\n
                                                    \n
                                                  1. Rationale of the Group<\/li>\n
                                                  2. Composition of the Group<\/li>\n
                                                  3. Objectives of the Group<\/li>\n
                                                  4. Functions of the Group<\/li>\n
                                                  5. The Group and IPU<\/li>\n
                                                  6. The Group and CPA<\/li>\n
                                                  7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                    26. Supreme Court<\/h3>\n
                                                      \n
                                                    1. Composition and Appointment<\/li>\n
                                                    2. Qualifications, Oath and Salaries<\/li>\n
                                                    3. Tenure and Removal<\/li>\n
                                                    4. Acting, Adhoc and Retired Judges<\/li>\n
                                                    5. Seat and Procedure<\/li>\n
                                                    6. Independence of Supreme Court<\/li>\n
                                                    7. Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme Court<\/li>\n
                                                    8. Supreme Court Advocates<\/li>\n
                                                    9. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                      27. Judicial Review<\/h3>\n
                                                        \n
                                                      1. Meaning of Judicial Review<\/li>\n
                                                      2. Importance of Judicial Review<\/li>\n
                                                      3. Constitutional Provisions for Judicial Review<\/li>\n
                                                      4. Scope of Judicial Review<\/li>\n
                                                      5. Judicial Review of the Ninth Schedule<\/li>\n
                                                      6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                        28. Judicial Activism<\/h3>\n
                                                          \n
                                                        1. Meaning of Judicial Activism<\/li>\n
                                                        2. Judicial Review and Judicial Activism<\/li>\n
                                                        3. Justification of Judicial Activism<\/li>\n
                                                        4. Activators of Judicial Activism<\/li>\n
                                                        5. Apprehensions of Judicial Activism<\/li>\n
                                                        6. Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint<\/li>\n
                                                        7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                          29. Public Interest Litigation<\/h3>\n
                                                            \n
                                                          1. Meaning of PIL<\/li>\n
                                                          2. Features of PIL<\/li>\n
                                                          3. Scope of PIL<\/li>\n
                                                          4. Principles of PIL<\/li>\n
                                                          5. Guidelines for Admitting PIL<\/li>\n
                                                          6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                            PART-IV State Government<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                            30. Governor<\/h3>\n
                                                              \n
                                                            1. Appointment of Governor<\/li>\n
                                                            2. Conditions of Governor\u2019s Office<\/li>\n
                                                            3. Term of Governor\u2019s Office<\/li>\n
                                                            4. Powers and Functions of Governor<\/li>\n
                                                            5. Constitutional Position of Governor<\/li>\n
                                                            6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                              31. Chief Minister<\/h3>\n
                                                                \n
                                                              1. Appointment of Chief Minister<\/li>\n
                                                              2. Oath, Term and Salary<\/li>\n
                                                              3. Powers and Functions of Chief Minister<\/li>\n
                                                              4. Relationship with the Governor<\/li>\n
                                                              5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                32. State Council of Ministers<\/h3>\n
                                                                  \n
                                                                1. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                2. Nature of Advice by Ministers<\/li>\n
                                                                3. Appointment of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                                                4. Oath and Salary of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                                                5. Responsibility of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                                                6. Composition of the Council of Ministers<\/li>\n
                                                                7. Cabinet<\/li>\n
                                                                8. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                  33. State Legislature<\/h3>\n
                                                                    \n
                                                                  1. Organisation of State Legislature<\/li>\n
                                                                  2. Composition of Two Houses<\/li>\n
                                                                  3. Duration of Two Houses<\/li>\n
                                                                  4. Membership of State Legislature<\/li>\n
                                                                  5. Presiding Officers of State Legislature<\/li>\n
                                                                  6. Sessions of State Legislature<\/li>\n
                                                                  7. Legislative Procedure in State Legislature<\/li>\n
                                                                  8. Position of Legislative Council<\/li>\n
                                                                  9. Privileges of State Legislature<\/li>\n
                                                                  10. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                    34. High Court<\/h3>\n
                                                                      \n
                                                                    1. Composition and Appointment<\/li>\n
                                                                    2. Qualifications, Oath and Salaries<\/li>\n
                                                                    3. Tenure, Removal and Transfer<\/li>\n
                                                                    4. Acting, Additional and Retired Judges<\/li>\n
                                                                    5. Independence of High Court<\/li>\n
                                                                    6. Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court<\/li>\n
                                                                    7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                      35. Tribunals<\/h3>\n
                                                                        \n
                                                                      1. Administrative Tribunals<\/li>\n
                                                                      2. Tribunals for Other Matters<\/li>\n
                                                                      3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                        36. Subordinate Courts<\/h3>\n
                                                                          \n
                                                                        1. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                        2. Structure and Jurisdiction<\/li>\n
                                                                        3. National Legal Services Authority<\/li>\n
                                                                        4. Lok Adalats<\/li>\n
                                                                        5. Permanent Lok Adalats<\/li>\n
                                                                        6. Family Courts<\/li>\n
                                                                        7. Gram Nyayalayas<\/li>\n
                                                                        8. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                          37. Special Provisions for Some States<\/h3>\n
                                                                            \n
                                                                          1. Provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat<\/li>\n
                                                                          2. Provisions for Nagaland<\/li>\n
                                                                          3. Provisions for Assam and Manipur<\/li>\n
                                                                          4. Provisions for Andhra Pradesh or Telangana<\/li>\n
                                                                          5. Provisions for Sikkim<\/li>\n
                                                                          6. Provisions for Mizoram<\/li>\n
                                                                          7. Provisions for Arunachal Pradesh and Goa<\/li>\n
                                                                          8. Provisions for Karnataka<\/li>\n
                                                                          9. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                            PART-V Local Government<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                            38. Panchayati Raj<\/h3>\n
                                                                              \n
                                                                            1. Evolution of Panchayati Raj<\/li>\n
                                                                            2. 73rd Amendment Act of 1992<\/li>\n
                                                                            3. Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                            4. PESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act)<\/li>\n
                                                                            5. Finances of Panchayati Raj<\/li>\n
                                                                            6. Reasons for Ineffective Performance<\/li>\n
                                                                            7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                              39. Municipalities<\/h3>\n
                                                                                \n
                                                                              1. Evolution of Urban Bodies<\/li>\n
                                                                              2. 74th Amendment Act of 1992<\/li>\n
                                                                              3. Types of Urban Governments<\/li>\n
                                                                              4. Municipal Personnel<\/li>\n
                                                                              5. Municipal Revenue<\/li>\n
                                                                              6. Central Council of Local Government<\/li>\n
                                                                              7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                PART-VI Union Territories and Special Areas<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                40. Union Territories<\/h3>\n
                                                                                  \n
                                                                                1. Creation of Union Territories<\/li>\n
                                                                                2. Administration of Union Territories<\/li>\n
                                                                                3. Special Provisions for Delhi<\/li>\n
                                                                                4. Advisory Committees of Union Territories<\/li>\n
                                                                                5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                  41. Scheduled and Tribal Areas<\/h3>\n
                                                                                    \n
                                                                                  1. Administration of Scheduled Areas<\/li>\n
                                                                                  2. Administration of Tribal Areas<\/li>\n
                                                                                  3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                    PART-VII Constitutional Bodies<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                    42. Election Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                      \n
                                                                                    1. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                    2. Independence<\/li>\n
                                                                                    3. Powers and Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                    4. Vision, Mission and Principles<\/li>\n
                                                                                    5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                      43. Union Public Service Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                        \n
                                                                                      1. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                      2. Removal<\/li>\n
                                                                                      3. Independence<\/li>\n
                                                                                      4. Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                      5. Limitations<\/li>\n
                                                                                      6. Role<\/li>\n
                                                                                      7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                        44. State Public Service Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                          \n
                                                                                        1. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                        2. Removal<\/li>\n
                                                                                        3. Independence<\/li>\n
                                                                                        4. Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                        5. Limitations<\/li>\n
                                                                                        6. Role<\/li>\n
                                                                                        7. Joint State Public Service Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                        8. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                          45. Finance Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                            \n
                                                                                          1. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                          2. Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                          3. Advisory Role<\/li>\n
                                                                                          4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                            46. Goods and Services Tax Council<\/h3>\n
                                                                                              \n
                                                                                            1. Establishment of the Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                            2. Vision and Mission of the Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                            3. Composition of the Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                            4. Working of the Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                            5. Functions of the Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                            6. Other Functions of the Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                            7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                              47. National Commission for SCs<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                \n
                                                                                              1. Evolution of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                              2. Functions of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                              3. Report of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                              4. Powers of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                              5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                48. National Commission for STs<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                1. Separate Commission for STs<\/li>\n
                                                                                                2. Functions of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                3. Other Functions of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                4. Report of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                5. Powers of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                  49. National Commission for BCs<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                  1. Establishment of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  2. Functions of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  3. Report of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  4. Powers of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                  5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                    50. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                    1. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    2. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    3. Role of the Commissioner<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    4. Vision and Mission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    5. Functions and Objectives<\/li>\n
                                                                                                    6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                      51. Comptroller and Auditor General of India<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                      1. Appointment and Term<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      2. Independence<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      3. Duties and Powers<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      4. Role<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      5. Cag and Corporations<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      6. Appleby\u2019s Criticism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                      7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                        52. Attorney General of India<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                        1. Appointment and Term<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        2. Duties and Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        3. Rights and Limitations<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        4. Solicitor General of India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                        5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                          53. Advocate General of the State<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                          1. Appointment and Term<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          2. Duties and Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                          3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                            PART-VIII Non-Constitutional Bodies<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                                            54. NITI Aayog<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                            1. Establishment<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            2. Rationale<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            3. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            4. Specialised Wings<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            5. Objectives<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            6. Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            7. Guiding Principles<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            8. Cooperative Federalism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            9. Criticism<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            10. Attached Offices<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            11. Erstwhile Planning Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            12. National Development Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                                            13. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                              55. National Human Rights Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                              1. Establishment of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              2. Composition of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              3. Functions of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              4. Working of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              5. Role of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              6. Performance of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                              7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                56. State Human Rights Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                1. Composition of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                2. Functions of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                3. Working of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                4. Human Rights Courts<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                5. 2019 Amendment Act<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                  57. Central Information Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                  1. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  2. Tenure and Service Conditions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  3. Powers and Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                  4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                    58. State Information Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                    1. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    2. Tenure and Service Conditions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    3. Powers and Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    4. RTI Amendment Act, 2025<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                    5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                      59. Central Vigilance Commission<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                      1. Establishment<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      2. Composition<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      3. Organisation<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      4. Functions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      5. Jurisdiction<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      6. Working<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      7. Vigilance Units in the Ministries<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      8. Whistle Blowers Protection Act (2014)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                      9. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                        60. Central Bureau of Investigation<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                                        1. Establishment of CBI<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        2. Motto, Mission and Vision of CBI<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        3. Organisation of CBI<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        4. Composition of CBI<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        5. Functions of CBI<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        6. Provision of Prior Permission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        7. CBI vs. State Police<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        8. CBI Academy<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                        9. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                          61. Lokpal and Lokayuktas<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                          1. Global Scenario<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          2. Position in India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          3. Lokpal<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          4. Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act (2013)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          5. Lokayuktas<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                          6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                            62. National Investigation Agency<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                            1. Establishment of the NIA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            2. Rationale of the NIA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            3. Functions of the NIA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            4. Vision of the NIA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            5. Mission of the NIA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            6. Jurisdiction of the NIA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            7. NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                            8. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                              63. National Disaster Management Authority<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                                              1. Establishment of the NDMA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              2. Objectives of the NDMA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              3. Functions of the NDMA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              4. Additional Functions of the NDMA<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              5. State Disaster Management Authority<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              6. District Disaster Management Authority<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                              7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                PART-IX Other Constitutional Dimensions<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                                                                64. Co-operative Societies<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                                1. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                2. Reasons for the 97th Amendment<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                  65. Official Language<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                                  1. Language of the Union<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  2. Regional Languages<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  3. Language of the Judiciary and Texts of Laws<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  4. Special Directives<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  5. Committee of Parliament on Official Language<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  6. Classical Language Status<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                  7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                    66. Public Services<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                                    1. Classification of Services<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                    2. Constitutional Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                    3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                      67. Rights and Liabilities of the Government<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                                      1. Property of the Union and the States<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                      2. Suits by or Against the Government<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                      3. Suits Against Public Officials<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                      4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                        68. Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                                                        1. Rationale of Special Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                        2. Specification of Classes<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                        3. Components of Special Provisions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                        4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                          PART-X Political Dynamics<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                                                                          69. Political Parties<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                                          1. Meaning and Types<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                          2. Party System in India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                          3. Recognition of National and State Parties<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                          4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                            70. Role of Regional Parties<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                                            1. Features of Regional Parties<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                            2. Classification of Regional Parties<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                            3. Rise of Regional Parties<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                            4. Role of Regional Parties<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                            5. Dysfunctions of Regional Parties<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                            6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                              71. Elections<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                                                              1. Electoral System<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                              2. Election Machinery<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                              3. Election Process<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                              4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                72. Election Laws<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                                                1. Representation of the People Act, 1950<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                2. Representation of the People Act, 1951<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                3. Delimitation Act, 2002<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                4. Other Acts Relating to Elections<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                5. Rules Relating to Elections<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                6. Orders Relating to Elections<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                  73. Electoral Reforms<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                                                  1. Committees Related to Electoral Reforms<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                  2. Electoral Reforms Before 1996<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                  3. Electoral Reforms of 1996<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                  4. Electoral Reforms After 1996<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                  5. Electoral Reforms Since 2025<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                  6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                    74. Voting Behaviour<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                      \n
                                                                                                                                                    1. Meaning of Voting Behaviour<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                    2. Significance of Voting Behaviour<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                    3. Determinants of Voting Behaviour<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                    4. Role of Media in Elections and Voting Behaviour<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                    5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                      75. Coalition Government<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                        \n
                                                                                                                                                      1. Meaning of Coalition Government<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                      2. Features of Coalition Government<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                      3. Formation of Coalition Governments<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                      4. Merits of Coalition Government<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                      5. Demerits of Coalition Government<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                      6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                        76. Anti-Defection Law<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                          \n
                                                                                                                                                        1. Provisions of the Act<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                        2. Evaluation of the Act<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                        3. 91st Amendment Act (2003)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                        4. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                          77. Pressure Groups<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                            \n
                                                                                                                                                          1. Meaning and Techniques<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                          2. Pressure Groups in India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                          3. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                            78. National Integration<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                              \n
                                                                                                                                                            1. Meaning of National Integration<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                            2. Obstacles to National Integration<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                            3. National Integration Council<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                            4. National Foundation for Communal Harmony<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                            5. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                              79. Foreign Policy<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                                \n
                                                                                                                                                              1. Principles of Indian Foreign Policy<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                              2. Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                              3. Gujral Doctrine of India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                              4. Nuclear Doctrine of India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                              5. Connect Central Asia Policy of India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                              6. Act East Policy of India<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                              7. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                                PART-XI Working of the Constitution<\/strong><\/h2>\n

                                                                                                                                                                80. National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution<\/h3>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  \n
                                                                                                                                                                1. I. Terms of Reference of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                2. II. Fifty Years of Working of the Constitution<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                3. III. Areas of Concern: Commission\u2019s Perception<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                4. IV. Recommendations of the Commission<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                5. V. Earlier Efforts to Review the Constitution<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                6. Notes and References<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                                                                                                                                                  Appendices<\/strong><\/h2>\n
                                                                                                                                                                    \n
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Appendix I: Articles of the Constitution (1\u2013395)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Appendix II: Subjects of Union, State and Concurrent Lists<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  3. Appendix III: Table of Precedence<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  4. Appendix IV: Constitutional Amendments at a Glance<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  5. Appendix V: Presidents, Vice-Presidents, Prime Ministers, etc.<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  6. Appendix VI: Chairpersons of the National Commissions<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  7. Appendix VII: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies \u2014Prelims 2025\u20132025)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  8. Appendix VIII: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies\u2014Prelims)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  9. Appendix IX: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies \u2014Mains 2025\u20132025)<\/li>\n
                                                                                                                                                                  10. Appendix X: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies \u2014Mains)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                                                                                                                                                                    \n2. National Commission for Backward Classes
                                                                                                                                                                    \n3. National Investigation Agency
                                                                                                                                                                    \n4. National Disaster Management Authority
                                                                                                                                                                    \n5. Role of Regional Parties
                                                                                                                                                                    \n6. Coalition Government<\/p>\n

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