{"id":5393,"date":"2025-06-02T05:13:18","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T05:13:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diznr.com\/?p=5393"},"modified":"2025-06-02T05:13:18","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T05:13:18","slug":"resonance-chemistry-equivalent-concept-titrations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/resonance-chemistry-equivalent-concept-titrations\/","title":{"rendered":"Resonance Chemistry Equivalent Concept &amp; Titrations"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-5393\" class=\"panel-layout\">\n<div id=\"pg-5393-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\">\n<div id=\"pgc-5393-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\" data-weight=\"1\">\n<div id=\"panel-5393-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" data-style=\"{&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:false,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"textwidget\">\n<div style=\"width: 750px;height: 842px\">\n<div style=\"width: 80px;height: 80px;opacity: 0\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"panel-5393-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" data-style=\"{&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:false,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"textwidget\">\n<h3 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"70\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"68\">\u00a0Resonance in Chemistry &amp; Equivalent Concept in Titrations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 data-start=\"72\" data-end=\"107\"><strong data-start=\"76\" data-end=\"105\">\u00a0Resonance in Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"314\"><strong data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"121\">Resonance<\/strong> is a concept in chemistry where a molecule or ion can be represented by <strong data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"226\">two or more Lewis structures<\/strong>, which differ only in the position of electrons but have the same atomic arrangement.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"349\"><strong data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"328\">Example:<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"329\" data-end=\"347\">Benzene (C\u2086H\u2086)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"593\">\n<li data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"450\">Benzene has <strong data-start=\"364\" data-end=\"403\">two equivalent resonance structures<\/strong>, where the <strong data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"447\">double bonds shift positions<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"593\">The actual structure is a <strong data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"489\">hybrid<\/strong> of these resonance forms, making benzene <strong data-start=\"531\" data-end=\"546\">more stable<\/strong> than expected from a single Lewis structure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"634\"><strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"634\">\u00a0Key Points About Resonance:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"904\"><strong data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"668\">Delocalization of electrons<\/strong> occurs, increasing stability.<br data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"701\" \/>\u00a0The <strong data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"749\">actual structure is a resonance hybrid<\/strong>, not a flipping between structures.<br data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"788\" \/><strong data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"836\">More resonance structures = More stability<\/strong> (e.g., carbonate ion CO\u2083\u00b2\u207b has three equivalent resonance forms).<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"911\" data-end=\"967\"><strong data-start=\"915\" data-end=\"965\">\u00a0Equivalent Concept in Titration (Chemistry)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1183\">The <strong data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"994\">Equivalent Concept<\/strong> is crucial in <strong data-start=\"1009\" data-end=\"1079\">acid-base titrations, redox reactions, and precipitation reactions<\/strong>. It helps in simplifying complex calculations involving molarity, normality, and titration reactions.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1228\"><strong data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1226\">\u00a01. Equivalent Weight Formula:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Equivalent\u00a0weight=Molecular\u00a0weightn-factor\\text{Equivalent weight} = \\frac{\\text{Molecular weight}}{\\text{n-factor}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Equivalent\u00a0weight<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord text\">n-factor<\/span><span class=\"mord text\">Molecular\u00a0weight<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1516\">Where <strong data-start=\"1318\" data-end=\"1330\">n-factor<\/strong> depends on the type of reaction:<br data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1366\" \/><strong data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1391\">Acid-Base Titration<\/strong> \u2192 <strong data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1443\">n-factor = Number of H\u207a or OH\u207b ions exchanged<\/strong><br data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1446\" \/><strong data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1467\">Redox Reactions<\/strong> \u2192 <strong data-start=\"1470\" data-end=\"1514\">n-factor = Number of electrons exchanged<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1557\"><strong data-start=\"1523\" data-end=\"1555\">\u00a02. Normality (N) Formula:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Normality=Moles\u00a0of\u00a0solute\u00d7n-factorVolume\u00a0of\u00a0solution\u00a0in\u00a0Liters\\text{Normality} = \\frac{\\text{Moles of solute} \\times \\text{n-factor}}{\\text{Volume of solution in Liters}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Normality<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord text\">Volume\u00a0of\u00a0solution\u00a0in\u00a0Liters<\/span><span class=\"mord text\">Moles\u00a0of\u00a0solute<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><span class=\"mord text\">n-factor<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1675\" data-end=\"1679\">Or<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">N=M\u00d7n(Normality=Molarity\u00d7n-factor)N = M \\times n \\quad (\\text{Normality} = \\text{Molarity} \\times \\text{n-factor})<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">M<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">(<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Normality<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Molarity<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">n-factor<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1816\"><strong data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1814\">\u00a0Acid-Base Titration Example:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1835\">In the reaction:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">H\u2082SO\u2084+2NaOH\u2192Na\u2082SO\u2084+2H\u2082O\\text{H\u2082SO\u2084} + 2 \\text{NaOH} \u2192 \\text{Na\u2082SO\u2084} + 2 \\text{H\u2082O}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">H\u2082SO\u2084<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">NaOH<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2192<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Na\u2082SO\u2084<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">H\u2082O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"2024\"><strong data-start=\"1906\" data-end=\"1948\">H\u2082SO\u2084 (Sulfuric Acid) has n-factor = 2<\/strong> (it gives 2 H\u207a ions).<br data-start=\"1970\" data-end=\"1973\" \/><strong data-start=\"1975\" data-end=\"2000\">NaOH has n-factor = 1<\/strong> (it gives 1 OH\u207b ion).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2026\" data-end=\"2061\">Using the <strong data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2058\">Normality Equation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">N1V1=N2V2N_1V_1 = N_2V_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2086\" data-end=\"2094\">Where:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2186\">\n<li data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2140\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">N1,V1N_1, V_1<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Normality &amp; Volume of Acid<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2141\" data-end=\"2186\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">N2,V2N_2, V_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Normality &amp; Volume of Base<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2188\" data-end=\"2253\">This helps in <strong data-start=\"2202\" data-end=\"2236\">finding unknown concentrations<\/strong> in titrations.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2260\" data-end=\"2297\"><strong data-start=\"2264\" data-end=\"2295\">\u00a0Redox Titration Example:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2298\" data-end=\"2317\">For the reaction:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">KMnO\u2084+5Fe\u00b2\u207a+8H\u207a\u2192Mn\u00b2\u207a+5Fe\u00b3\u207a+4H\u2082O\\text{KMnO\u2084} + 5 \\text{Fe\u00b2\u207a} + 8 \\text{H\u207a} \u2192 \\text{Mn\u00b2\u207a} + 5 \\text{Fe\u00b3\u207a} + 4 \\text{H\u2082O}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">KMnO\u2084<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Fe\u00b2\u207a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">8<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">H\u207a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2192<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Mn\u00b2\u207a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">5<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Fe\u00b3\u207a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">4<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">H\u2082O<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2414\" data-end=\"2564\"><strong data-start=\"2416\" data-end=\"2467\">KMnO\u2084 (Potassium Permanganate) has n-factor = 5<\/strong> (Mn\u2077\u207a \u2192 Mn\u00b2\u207a, gaining 5 electrons).<br data-start=\"2503\" data-end=\"2506\" \/><strong data-start=\"2508\" data-end=\"2541\">Fe\u00b2\u207a to Fe\u00b3\u207a has n-factor = 1<\/strong> (losing 1 electron).<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2566\" data-end=\"2583\">Here, we apply:<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">N1V1=N2V2N_1V_1 = N_2V_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2608\" data-end=\"2658\">to determine the concentration of Fe\u00b2\u207a solution.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2665\" data-end=\"2692\"><strong data-start=\"2669\" data-end=\"2690\">\u00a0Key Takeaways:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2693\" data-end=\"2946\">\u2714 <strong data-start=\"2695\" data-end=\"2728\">Resonance increases stability<\/strong> by electron delocalization.<br data-start=\"2756\" data-end=\"2759\" \/>\u2714 <strong data-start=\"2761\" data-end=\"2812\">Equivalent weight = Molecular weight \/ n-factor<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"2813\" data-end=\"2816\" \/>\u2714 <strong data-start=\"2818\" data-end=\"2861\">Normality (N) = Molarity (M) \u00d7 n-factor<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"2862\" data-end=\"2865\" \/>\u2714 <strong data-start=\"2867\" data-end=\"2889\">Titration formula:<\/strong> <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">N1V1=N2V2N_1V_1 = N_2V_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">V<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> helps find unknown concentrations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2948\" data-end=\"2991\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Let me know if you need more examples!<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2948\" data-end=\"2991\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.resonance.ac.in\/sc\/post\/attachment\/(968)-chemistry-gyan-sutra-jee-main.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resonance Chemistry Equivalent Concept &amp;amp; Titrations<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mlsu.ac.in\/econtents\/1844_SPOT%20I.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dlpd.resonance.ac.in\/Downloads\/2012-Aug\/2nd-Dispatch-DLPD_IIT-JEE_Class-XI_English_PC-(Chemistry).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CONTENT Download<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/unacademy.com\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/10\/Redox-Reaction-Notes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redox-Reaction-Notes.pdf<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Here is a student-friendly guide on two important topics from Chemistry:<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\ud83e\uddea <strong>Resonance Chemistry (Equivalent Concept) &amp; Titrations<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>For: Class 11\u201312, NEET, JEE, and Competitive Exams<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd39 PART 1: <strong>Resonance Chemistry \u2013 Equivalent Concept<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3>\ud83e\udde0 What is Resonance?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Resonance<\/strong> is a way to describe molecules where <strong>one structure is not enough<\/strong> to explain the bonding.<\/li>\n<li>In such cases, multiple structures (called <strong>resonance structures<\/strong>) are written, and the <strong>actual structure is a hybrid<\/strong> of all.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u270f\ufe0f Example: Benzene (C\u2086H\u2086)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Benzene has alternating double and single bonds.<\/li>\n<li>Two main structures (Kekul\u00e9 structures) exist:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre><code>  Structure 1      Structure 2\n C=C\u2013C=C\u2013C=C  \u21c4  C\u2013C=C\u2013C=C\u2013C\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>real structure<\/strong> is a <strong>resonance hybrid<\/strong> with <strong>equal bond lengths<\/strong> between all carbon atoms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\ud83e\uddea Resonance Rules:<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Only <strong>\u03c0 electrons<\/strong> and lone pairs move.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u03c3 bonds (single bonds) never move<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>All resonance structures must be valid Lewis structures.<\/li>\n<li>The hybrid is <strong>more stable<\/strong> than individual contributors.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd39 What is the Equivalent Concept in Chemistry?<\/h2>\n<p>The <strong>Equivalent Concept<\/strong> is used in <strong>acid-base<\/strong> and <strong>redox<\/strong> reactions and titrations to relate substances based on the amount that reacts.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2705 Equivalent =<\/h3>\n<blockquote><p>The amount of a substance that <strong>reacts with or supplies 1 mole of H\u207a ions (acid)<\/strong><br \/>\nor <strong>OH\u207b ions (base)<\/strong> or <strong>1 mole of electrons (in redox reactions).<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\ud83d\udcd8 Equivalent Mass Formulae<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Substance Type<\/th>\n<th>Formula<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Acid<\/td>\n<td>Molar Mass \/ Basicity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Base<\/td>\n<td>Molar Mass \/ Acidity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Salt<\/td>\n<td>Molar Mass \/ Total positive or negative charge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oxidizing\/Reducing Agent<\/td>\n<td>Molar Mass \/ n-factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd39 PART 2: <strong>Titrations \u2013 Volumetric Analysis<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3>\ud83e\uddea What is Titration?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Titration<\/strong> is a laboratory method to determine the <strong>unknown concentration<\/strong> of a solution by reacting it with a known volume\/concentration of another solution.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2696\ufe0f Basic Formula:<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-text\">N\u2081V\u2081 = N\u2082V\u2082\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>N\u2081, V\u2081<\/strong> = Normality &amp; Volume of Solution 1<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u2082, V\u2082<\/strong> = Normality &amp; Volume of Solution 2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u2705 You can also use:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-text\">M\u2081V\u2081 \/ n\u2081 = M\u2082V\u2082 \/ n\u2082\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Where:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>M = Molarity<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>n = Number of H\u207a or OH\u207b or electrons exchanged<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\ud83d\udd2c Types of Titrations:<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<th>Indicator<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Acid\u2013Base<\/td>\n<td>HCl vs NaOH<\/td>\n<td>Phenolphthalein<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Redox<\/td>\n<td>KMnO\u2084 vs FeSO\u2084<\/td>\n<td>Self-indicator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Complexometric<\/td>\n<td>EDTA vs Metal ions (Ca\u00b2\u207a, Mg\u00b2\u207a)<\/td>\n<td>Eriochrome Black T<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Precipitation<\/td>\n<td>AgNO\u2083 vs NaCl<\/td>\n<td>Potassium chromate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>\ud83e\udde0 Indicators Summary:<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Indicator<\/th>\n<th>Color in Acid<\/th>\n<th>Color in Base<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Phenolphthalein<\/td>\n<td>Colorless<\/td>\n<td>Pink<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Methyl Orange<\/td>\n<td>Red<\/td>\n<td>Yellow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcd8 Quick Practice Question:<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Q:<\/strong> 20 mL of 0.1 N HCl is completely neutralized by 25 mL of NaOH. Find the Normality of NaOH.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A:<\/strong><br \/>\nUse N\u2081V\u2081 = N\u2082V\u2082<br \/>\n\u2192 (0.1)(20) = N\u2082(25)<br \/>\n\u2192 N\u2082 = 2 \/ 25 = <strong>0.08 N<\/strong><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfc1 Summary Chart<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Topic<\/th>\n<th>Key Formula \/ Idea<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Resonance<\/td>\n<td>Real molecule = Resonance Hybrid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Equivalent Mass<\/td>\n<td>Molar Mass \/ n-factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Acid-Base Titration<\/td>\n<td>N\u2081V\u2081 = N\u2082V\u2082 or M\u2081V\u2081\/n\u2081 = M\u2082V\u2082\/n\u2082<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Redox Reaction<\/td>\n<td>e\u207b transferred determines n-factor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Would you like a <strong>PDF with diagrams, solved numericals, and a quiz<\/strong> on this topic? Let me know your class or exam target (NEET\/JEE\/CBSE), and I\u2019ll create a tailored study note!<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/kvmwai.edu.in\/upload\/StudyMaterial\/Titrimetric_Analysis1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resonance Chemistry Equivalent Concept &amp;amp; Titrations<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edubull.com\/Content\/eRepository\/SubjectContent\/Notes\/04-equivalent-concept_notes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EQUIVALENT CONCEPT AND VOLUMENTRIC ANALYSIS<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u00a0Resonance in Chemistry &amp; Equivalent Concept in Titrations \u00a0Resonance in Chemistry Resonance is a concept in chemistry where a molecule or ion can be represented by two or more Lewis structures, which differ only in the position of electrons but have the same atomic arrangement. Example: Benzene (C\u2086H\u2086) Benzene has two equivalent resonance structures, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[131],"tags":[129,130,132],"class_list":["post-5393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-resonance-chemistry-equivalent-concept-titrations","tag-chemistry-equivalent-concept-titrations","tag-equivalent-concept-titrations","tag-resonance-chemistry-equivalent-concept-titrations"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5393"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5393\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}