{"id":5383,"date":"2025-06-06T14:28:19","date_gmt":"2025-06-06T14:28:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diznr.com\/?p=5383"},"modified":"2025-06-06T14:28:19","modified_gmt":"2025-06-06T14:28:19","slug":"resonance-chemistry-kinetics-chemical","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/resonance-chemistry-kinetics-chemical\/","title":{"rendered":"Resonance Chemistry Chemical Kinetics"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-5383\" class=\"panel-layout\">\n<div id=\"pg-5383-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\">\n<div id=\"pgc-5383-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\" data-weight=\"1\">\n<div id=\"panel-5383-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-first-child\" data-index=\"0\" data-style=\"{&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:false,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"textwidget\">\n<div style=\"width: 750px;height: 842px\">\n<div style=\"width: 80px;height: 80px;opacity: 0\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"panel-5383-0-0-1\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\" data-style=\"{&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:false,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"textwidget\">\n<h3 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"47\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"47\">Chemical Kinetics &#8211; Resonance Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"314\"><strong data-start=\"54\" data-end=\"76\">Chemical Kinetics:<\/strong><br data-start=\"76\" data-end=\"79\" \/>Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the <strong data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"166\">study of the speed<\/strong> or <strong data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"200\">rate of chemical reactions<\/strong> and the factors affecting them. It helps understand how quickly a reaction proceeds and the mechanisms behind it.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"364\"><strong data-start=\"324\" data-end=\"362\">Key Concepts of Chemical Kinetics:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"366\" data-end=\"396\"><strong data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"394\">1. Rate of Reaction:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"505\">The rate of a chemical reaction is the <strong data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"463\">change in concentration<\/strong> of reactants or products per unit time.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"636\"><strong data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"519\">Formula:<\/strong><br data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"522\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Rate=\u2212\u0394[Reactant]\u0394t=\u0394[Product]\u0394t\\text{Rate} = \\frac{-\\Delta [\\text{Reactant}]}{\\Delta t} = \\frac{\\Delta [\\text{Product}]}{\\Delta t}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Rate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u0394<span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212\u0394<span class=\"mopen mtight\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord text mtight\">Reactant<\/span><span class=\"mclose mtight\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u0394<span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u0394<span class=\"mopen mtight\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord text mtight\">Product<\/span><span class=\"mclose mtight\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"628\" \/>where,<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"821\">\n<li data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"707\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394[Reactant]\\Delta [\\text{Reactant}]<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Reactant<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Change in concentration of reactant<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"741\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">\u0394t\\Delta t<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u0394<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Change in time<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"821\">The negative sign indicates the <strong data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"788\">decrease<\/strong> in concentration of reactants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"873\"><strong data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"871\">2. Factors Affecting Reaction Rate:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"874\" data-end=\"1308\">\n<li data-start=\"874\" data-end=\"947\"><strong data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"894\">Concentration:<\/strong> Higher concentration generally increases the rate.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1024\"><strong data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"966\">Temperature:<\/strong> Increase in temperature usually speeds up the reaction.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1116\"><strong data-start=\"1027\" data-end=\"1044\">Surface Area:<\/strong> More surface area leads to a faster reaction (applicable for solids).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1200\"><strong data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1133\">Catalysts:<\/strong> Catalysts lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1308\"><strong data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1227\">Nature of Reactants:<\/strong> Reactions involving ionic compounds are faster than those with covalent bonds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1359\"><strong data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1357\">3. Rate Law and Order of Reaction:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1742\">\n<li data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1648\">\n<p data-start=\"1362\" data-end=\"1648\"><strong data-start=\"1362\" data-end=\"1375\">Rate Law:<\/strong> Expresses the relationship between the rate of a reaction and the concentration of reactants.<br data-start=\"1469\" data-end=\"1472\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Rate=k[A]m[B]n\\text{Rate} = k [A]^m [B]^n<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Rate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">B<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1506\" \/>where,<br data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1515\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">kk<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Rate constant<br data-start=\"1536\" data-end=\"1539\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">[A][A]<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> and <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">[B][B]<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">B<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Concentration of reactants<br data-start=\"1587\" data-end=\"1590\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">mm<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">m<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> and <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">nn<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Reaction order with respect to A and B<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1742\">\n<p data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1742\"><strong data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1674\">Order of Reaction:<\/strong> The sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate law.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1779\"><strong data-start=\"1753\" data-end=\"1777\">4. Half-Life (t\u2081\/\u2082):<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"1876\">The time taken for the concentration of a reactant to reduce to <strong data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"1852\">half<\/strong> of its initial value.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"1947\">\n<li data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"1947\">For a <strong data-start=\"1886\" data-end=\"1911\">first-order reaction:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"1914\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">t1\/2=0.693kt_{1\/2} = \\frac{0.693}{k}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1\/2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0.693<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"1990\"><strong data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"1988\">5. Activation Energy (Ea):<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2066\">The minimum energy required for reactants to undergo a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2068\" data-end=\"2274\">\n<li data-start=\"2068\" data-end=\"2274\"><strong data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2093\">Arrhenius Equation:<\/strong><br data-start=\"2093\" data-end=\"2096\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">k=Ae\u2212EaRTk = A e^{-\\frac{E_a}{RT}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">RT<\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">E<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">a<\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br data-start=\"2127\" data-end=\"2130\" \/>where,<br data-start=\"2136\" data-end=\"2139\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">kk<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Rate constant<br data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2163\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">AA<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Frequency factor<br data-start=\"2187\" data-end=\"2190\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">EaE_a<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Activation energy<br data-start=\"2217\" data-end=\"2220\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">RR<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Gas constant<br data-start=\"2240\" data-end=\"2243\" \/><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">TT<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">T<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> = Temperature in Kelvin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2281\" data-end=\"2313\"><strong data-start=\"2285\" data-end=\"2311\">6. Reaction Mechanism:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2314\" data-end=\"2398\">The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions leading to the overall reaction.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2405\" data-end=\"2449\"><strong data-start=\"2409\" data-end=\"2447\">Applications of Chemical Kinetics:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2450\" data-end=\"2664\">\n<li data-start=\"2450\" data-end=\"2488\">Understanding reaction mechanisms.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2489\" data-end=\"2536\">Designing chemical processes in industries.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2537\" data-end=\"2598\">Studying the stability and shelf-life of pharmaceuticals.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2599\" data-end=\"2664\">Environmental studies like the rate of pollutant degradation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2671\" data-end=\"2774\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">If you need more help with specific problems or concepts in <strong data-start=\"2731\" data-end=\"2752\">Chemical Kinetics<\/strong>, feel free to ask!<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sist.sathyabama.ac.in\/sist_coursematerial\/uploads\/SCYA5202.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNIT \u2013 I \u2013 Advanced Chemical Kinetics \u2013 SCYA5202<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 data-start=\"2671\" data-end=\"2774\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.resonance.ac.in\/sc\/post\/attachment\/(968)-chemistry-gyan-sutra-jee-main.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resonance Chemistry Chemical Kinetics<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ipa-pasca.unpak.ac.id\/pdf\/Michel%20Soustelle%20-%20An%20introduction%20to%20chemical%20kinetics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Introduction to Chemical Kinetics<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.masterjeeclasses.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/2.Chemical-KineticsTheory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CHEMICAL KINETICS<\/a><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"187\">Let\u2019s break down two major concepts in <strong data-start=\"39\" data-end=\"61\">Physical Chemistry<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"63\" data-end=\"76\">Resonance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"102\">Chemical Kinetics<\/strong> \u2014 often studied together in school-level or entrance exams like NEET, JEE, and CBSE.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"192\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"229\">\ud83c\udf00 <strong data-start=\"200\" data-end=\"229\">1. Resonance in Chemistry<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"253\">\ud83d\udcd8 <strong data-start=\"238\" data-end=\"253\">Definition:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"254\" data-end=\"421\"><strong data-start=\"254\" data-end=\"267\">Resonance<\/strong> is a way to describe <strong data-start=\"289\" data-end=\"314\">delocalized electrons<\/strong> within certain molecules or polyatomic ions where bonding cannot be expressed by a single Lewis structure.<\/p>\n<blockquote data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"544\">\n<p data-start=\"425\" data-end=\"544\">\u2705 <strong data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"528\">It represents the blending of two or more valid Lewis structures (called <em data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"525\">resonating structures<\/em>)<\/strong> for a molecule.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<hr data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"549\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"573\">\ud83d\udd11 <strong data-start=\"558\" data-end=\"573\">Key Points:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"805\">\n<li data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"653\">\n<p data-start=\"576\" data-end=\"653\">Resonance structures differ <strong data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"641\">only in the position of electrons<\/strong>, not atoms.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"654\" data-end=\"759\">\n<p data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"759\">The <strong data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"680\">actual structure<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"706\">resonance hybrid<\/strong>, which is more stable than any individual structure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"805\">\n<p data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"805\">Resonance adds <strong data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"790\">stability<\/strong> to a molecule.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"810\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"812\" data-end=\"832\">\u2697\ufe0f <strong data-start=\"819\" data-end=\"832\">Examples:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"1126\">\n<li data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"986\">\n<p data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"852\"><strong data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"852\">Ozone (O\u2083):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"986\">\n<li data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"922\">\n<p data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"883\">Two resonance structures:<\/p>\n<div class=\"contain-inline-size rounded-md border-[0.5px] border-token-border-medium relative bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary\">\n<div class=\"flex items-center text-token-text-secondary px-4 py-2 text-xs font-sans justify-between h-9 bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary select-none rounded-t-[5px]\">mathematica<\/div>\n<div class=\"sticky top-9\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 bottom-0 flex h-9 items-center pe-2\">\n<div class=\"bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary text-token-text-secondary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary flex items-center rounded-sm px-2 font-sans text-xs\"><button class=\"flex gap-1 items-center select-none px-4 py-1\" aria-label=\"Copy\">Copy<\/button><span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><button class=\"flex items-center gap-1 px-4 py-1 select-none\">Edit<\/button><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"overflow-y-auto p-4\" dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"whitespace-pre!\">  <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">O<\/span><span class=\"hljs-operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"hljs-built_in\">O<\/span>\u2013<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">O<\/span> \u2194 <span class=\"hljs-built_in\">O<\/span>\u2013<span class=\"hljs-built_in\">O<\/span><span class=\"hljs-operator\">=<\/span><span class=\"hljs-built_in\">O<\/span><br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"926\" data-end=\"986\">\n<p data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"986\">The actual bond length is between single and double bonds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1126\">\n<p data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1010\"><strong data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1010\">Benzene (C\u2086H\u2086):<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1126\">\n<li data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1126\">\n<p data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1041\">Alternating double bonds:<\/p>\n<div class=\"contain-inline-size rounded-md border-[0.5px] border-token-border-medium relative bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary\">\n<div class=\"flex items-center text-token-text-secondary px-4 py-2 text-xs font-sans justify-between h-9 bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary select-none rounded-t-[5px]\">makefile<\/div>\n<div class=\"sticky top-9\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 bottom-0 flex h-9 items-center pe-2\">\n<div class=\"bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary text-token-text-secondary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary flex items-center rounded-sm px-2 font-sans text-xs\"><button class=\"flex gap-1 items-center select-none px-4 py-1\" aria-label=\"Copy\">Copy<\/button><span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><button class=\"flex items-center gap-1 px-4 py-1 select-none\">Edit<\/button><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"overflow-y-auto p-4\" dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"whitespace-pre!\">Kekul\u00e9 structures:<br \/>\nC1=C2\u2013C3=C4\u2013C5=C6 \u2194 C1\u2013C2=C3\u2013C4=C5\u2013C6<br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"1128\" data-end=\"1131\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1160\">\ud83d\udccc <strong data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1160\">Resonance Rules:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1304\">\n<li data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1214\">\n<p data-start=\"1163\" data-end=\"1214\">All resonance forms must be valid Lewis structures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1245\">\n<p data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1245\">Atom positions remain fixed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1246\" data-end=\"1304\">\n<p data-start=\"1248\" data-end=\"1304\">The molecule is represented by the <strong data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1303\">resonance hybrid<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1309\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1340\">\u26a1 <strong data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1340\">2. Chemical Kinetics<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1364\">\ud83d\udcd8 <strong data-start=\"1349\" data-end=\"1364\">Definition:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1532\"><strong data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1386\">Chemical kinetics<\/strong> is the branch of chemistry that studies the <strong data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1462\">rate of a chemical reaction<\/strong>, the <strong data-start=\"1468\" data-end=\"1492\">factors affecting it<\/strong>, and the <strong data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1515\">mechanism<\/strong> of the reaction.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1534\" data-end=\"1537\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1539\" data-end=\"1563\">\ud83e\uddea <strong data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1563\">Key Concepts:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"2305\">\n<thead data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1656\">\n<tr data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1656\">\n<th data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1595\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Concept<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1656\" data-col-size=\"md\">Explanation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"2305\">\n<tr data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1845\">\n<td data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1779\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1771\">Rate of Reaction<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1845\">Change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1937\">\n<td data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1876\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"1860\">Rate Law<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1937\">Rate = k [A]^m [B]^n (m and n are orders of reaction)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"2029\">\n<td data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"1968\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"1940\" data-end=\"1961\">Order of Reaction<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"1968\" data-end=\"2029\">The sum of powers of concentrations in the rate law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2121\">\n<td data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2060\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2048\">Molecularity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2060\" data-end=\"2121\">Number of molecules colliding in a single step<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2122\" data-end=\"2213\">\n<td data-start=\"2122\" data-end=\"2152\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2124\" data-end=\"2145\">Rate Constant (k)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2152\" data-end=\"2213\">A constant at a given temperature<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2214\" data-end=\"2305\">\n<td data-start=\"2214\" data-end=\"2244\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2242\">Activation Energy (Ea)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2244\" data-end=\"2305\">Minimum energy needed to initiate a reaction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"2307\" data-end=\"2310\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2312\" data-end=\"2352\">\u2697\ufe0f <strong data-start=\"2319\" data-end=\"2352\">First Order Reaction Formula:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Rate=k[A]\\text{Rate} = k [A] <\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">Rate<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> <span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">k=2.303tlog\u2061([A]0[A]t)k = \\frac{2.303}{t} \\log\\left(\\frac{[A]_0}{[A]_t}\\right)<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">t<\/span>2.303<\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mop\">log<\/span><span class=\"minner\"><span class=\"mopen delimcenter\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">(<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">t<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mopen\">[<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mclose\">]<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mclose delimcenter\"><span class=\"delimsizing size3\">)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2445\" data-end=\"2448\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2450\" data-end=\"2491\">\ud83e\udde0 <strong data-start=\"2457\" data-end=\"2491\">Example: Decomposition of N\u2082O\u2085<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">2N2O5\u21924NO2+O22N_2O_5 \\rightarrow 4NO_2 + O_2<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">5<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mrel\">\u2192<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">4<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">N<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">O<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2530\" data-end=\"2568\">This follows <strong data-start=\"2543\" data-end=\"2567\">first-order kinetics<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2570\" data-end=\"2573\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2618\">\ud83d\udd25 <strong data-start=\"2582\" data-end=\"2618\">Factors Affecting Reaction Rate:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2619\" data-end=\"2696\">\n<li data-start=\"2619\" data-end=\"2634\">\n<p data-start=\"2621\" data-end=\"2634\">Concentration<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2635\" data-end=\"2648\">\n<p data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2648\">Temperature<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2649\" data-end=\"2659\">\n<p data-start=\"2651\" data-end=\"2659\">Catalyst<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2660\" data-end=\"2674\">\n<p data-start=\"2662\" data-end=\"2674\">Surface area<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2675\" data-end=\"2696\">\n<p data-start=\"2677\" data-end=\"2696\">Nature of reactants<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2698\" data-end=\"2701\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2703\" data-end=\"2755\">\ud83c\udfaf <strong data-start=\"2710\" data-end=\"2755\">Difference Between Resonance and Kinetics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"3270\">\n<thead data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"2858\">\n<tr data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"2858\">\n<th data-start=\"2757\" data-end=\"2778\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Feature<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2778\" data-end=\"2815\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Resonance<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2815\" data-end=\"2858\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Chemical Kinetics<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"3270\">\n<tr data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"3064\">\n<td data-start=\"2962\" data-end=\"2983\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Deals with<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2983\" data-end=\"3020\">Electron delocalization<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3020\" data-end=\"3064\">Reaction rate and mechanism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3065\" data-end=\"3167\">\n<td data-start=\"3065\" data-end=\"3086\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Type<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3086\" data-end=\"3123\">Structural\/Conceptual<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3123\" data-end=\"3167\">Dynamic\/Quantitative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3168\" data-end=\"3270\">\n<td data-start=\"3168\" data-end=\"3189\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Stability<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3189\" data-end=\"3226\">Explains stability of molecules<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3226\" data-end=\"3270\">Explains how fast reactions proceed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"3272\" data-end=\"3275\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"3277\" data-end=\"3292\">Would you like:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3293\" data-end=\"3409\">\n<li data-start=\"3293\" data-end=\"3326\">\n<p data-start=\"3295\" data-end=\"3326\">\ud83d\udcc4 A downloadable PDF of notes?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3327\" data-end=\"3365\">\n<p data-start=\"3329\" data-end=\"3365\">\ud83e\uddea Practice problems with solutions?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3366\" data-end=\"3409\">\n<p data-start=\"3368\" data-end=\"3409\">\ud83c\udfa5 Video explanation in Hindi or English?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3411\" data-end=\"3423\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Let me know!<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3411\" data-end=\"3423\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.resonance.ac.in\/neet\/downloads\/youtube-live-crash-course\/physical-chemistry\/chemical-kinetics\/dpp-no2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Resonance Chemistry Chemical Kinetics<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ias.ac.in\/public\/Volumes\/reso\/009\/06\/0086-0091.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">R-E-S-O-N-A-N-C-E&#8211;I-J-un-e&#8211;2-0-0-4<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jiwaji.edu\/pdf\/ecourse\/chemistry\/Chemical%20Kinetics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chemical Kinetics.pdf<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Chemical Kinetics &#8211; Resonance Chemistry Chemical Kinetics:Chemical kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals with the study of the speed or rate of chemical reactions and the factors affecting them. It helps understand how quickly a reaction proceeds and the mechanisms behind it. Key Concepts of Chemical Kinetics: 1. Rate of Reaction: The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1691],"tags":[1681,1682,1683,1684,1685,1686,1687,1688,1689,1690],"class_list":["post-5383","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-resonance-chemistry-chemical-kinetics","tag-chemical-engineering-kinetics","tag-chemical-kinetics","tag-chemical-kinetics-and-reaction-dynamics","tag-chemical-kinetics-examples","tag-chemical-kinetics-ppt","tag-chemical-kinetics-slideshare","tag-chemical-reaction-kinetics","tag-international-journal-of-chemical-kinetics","tag-kinetic-reaction","tag-parallel-reaction-kinetics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5383","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5383"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5383\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5383"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}