{"id":4388,"date":"2025-06-07T04:11:26","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T04:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diznr.com\/?p=4388"},"modified":"2025-06-07T04:11:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-07T04:11:26","slug":"class-12th-physics-electric-charges-and-fields-properties-of-charges-5-part","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/class-12th-physics-electric-charges-and-fields-properties-of-charges-5-part\/","title":{"rendered":"Class 12th Physics-Electric Charges and Fields &#8211; Properties of Charges &#8211; part-5."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Class 12th Physics-Electric Charges and Fields &#8211; Properties of Charges &#8211; part-5.<\/p>\n<p>[fvplayer id=&#8221;746&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"117\">\u200b<span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">In the study of electric charges and fields, understanding the properties of electric charges is fundamental.<\/span> Here are the key properties:\u200b<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"119\" data-end=\"775\">\n<li data-start=\"119\" data-end=\"260\">\n<p data-start=\"122\" data-end=\"230\"><strong data-start=\"122\" data-end=\"147\">Additivity of Charges<\/strong>: <span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of individual charges. For example, if a system contains charges <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">q1,q2,q_1, q_2,<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> and <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">q3q_3<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the total charge <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">QQ<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is given by:<\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"260\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Q=q1+q2+q3Q = q_1 + q_2 + q_3<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"262\" data-end=\"432\">\n<p data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"374\"><strong data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"291\">Quantization of Charge<\/strong>: <span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">Electric charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete packets rather than a continuous amount. The smallest unit of charge is the elementary charge <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">ee<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, approximately equal to <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">1.6\u00d710\u2212191.6 \\times 10^{-19}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1.6<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u221219<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> coulombs. Therefore, any charge <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">qq<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> can be expressed as:<\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"399\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">q=n\u00d7eq = n \\times e<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"432\">where <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">nn<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is an integer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"546\">\n<p data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"546\"><strong data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"463\">Conservation of Charge<\/strong>: <span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant over time, regardless of internal changes. This principle implies that charge can neither be created nor destroyed but only transferred from one body to another.<\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"662\">\n<p data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"662\"><strong data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"579\">Attraction and Repulsion<\/strong>: <span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract each other. This behavior is described by Coulomb&#8217;s law, which quantifies the electrostatic force between two point charges.<\/span>\u200b<span class=\"ml-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem]\"><span class=\"relative bottom-0 left-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between absolute\"><span class=\"max-w-full grow overflow-hidden truncate text-center\">Toppers Bulletin<\/span><span class=\"-mr-1 ml-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-[#8F8F8F]\">+2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between\"><span class=\"max-w-full grow overflow-hidden truncate text-center\">Orchids The International School<\/span><span class=\"-mr-1 ml-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-[#8F8F8F]\">+2<\/span><\/span><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between absolute\"><span class=\"max-w-full grow overflow-hidden truncate text-center\">CoolGyan<\/span><span class=\"-mr-1 ml-1 flex h-full items-center rounded-full px-1 text-[#8F8F8F]\">+2<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"775\">\n<p data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"775\"><strong data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"688\">Charge Invariance<\/strong>: <span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">The value of electric charge is independent of the frame of reference. This means that the amount of charge on a body remains the same, regardless of its motion relative to an observer.<\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"1028\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem]\">These properties are foundational to understanding electrostatics and are extensively discussed in Chapter 1 of the NCERT Class 12 Physics textbook.<\/span> For detailed explanations and problem-solving techniques related to these properties, you can refer to the NCERT solutions provided by various educational platforms.\u200b<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"1028\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vedantu.com\/content-files-downloadable\/revision-notes\/cbse-class-12-physics-notes-chapter-1-electric-charges-and-fields.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Class 12th Physics-Electric Charges and Fields &#8211; Properties of Charges &#8211; part-5.<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esaral.com\/media\/uploads\/2024\/3\/4\/183039-CBSE-Class-12-Physics-Revision-Notes-Chapter-1-Electric-Charges-and-Fields.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revision Notes Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 \u2013 Electric &#8230;<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nios.ac.in\/media\/documents\/SrSec312NEW\/312_Physics_Eng\/312_Physics_Eng_Lesson15.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/samagra.kite.kerala.gov.in\/files\/samagra-resource\/uploads\/tbookscmq\/Class_XII\/Physics\/Physics_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS<\/a><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"270\">Certainly! Let&#8217;s delve into the <strong data-start=\"32\" data-end=\"66\">Properties of Electric Charges<\/strong>, a fundamental concept in Class 12 Physics under the chapter &#8220;Electric Charges and Fields.&#8221; Understanding these properties is crucial for grasping the behavior of electric charges and their interactions.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"275\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"277\" data-end=\"313\">\u26a1 Properties of Electric Charges<\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"1527\">\n<li data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"566\">\n<p data-start=\"318\" data-end=\"344\"><strong data-start=\"318\" data-end=\"343\">Additivity of Charges<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"566\">\n<li data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"387\">\n<p data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"387\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Electric charges are scalar quantities and add algebraically.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"486\">\n<p data-start=\"393\" data-end=\"430\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">If a system has multiple point charges <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">q1,q2,q3,\u2026,qnq_1, q_2, q_3, \\ldots, q_n<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"minner\">\u2026<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, the total charge <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">QQ<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Q=q1+q2+q3+\u2026+qnQ = q_1 + q_2 + q_3 + \\ldots + q_n<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">1<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">2<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">3<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"minner\">\u2026<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">+<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">q<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">n<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"566\">\n<p data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"566\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">This principle implies that the net charge of a system is the sum of individual charges.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"772\">\n<p data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"598\"><strong data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"597\">Conservation of Charge<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"772\">\n<li data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"643\">\n<p data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"643\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">The total electric charge in an isolated system remains constant over time.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"688\">\n<p data-start=\"649\" data-end=\"688\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Charge can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred from one body to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"772\">\n<p data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"772\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">For example, during charging by friction, electrons are transferred between bodies, but the total charge remains conserved.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"1098\">\n<p data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"804\"><strong data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"803\">Quantization of Charge<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"1098\">\n<li data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"849\">\n<p data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"849\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Electric charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete packets.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"853\" data-end=\"894\">\n<p data-start=\"855\" data-end=\"894\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">The smallest unit of charge is the elementary charge <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">ee<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>, which is approximately <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">1.602\u00d710\u2212191.602 \\times 10^{-19}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1.602<\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u00d7<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mord\">0<span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u221219<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> coulombs.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"1014\">\n<p data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"939\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Any charge <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">QQ<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is an integral multiple of this elementary charge:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"katex-display\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">Q=\u00b1newhere\u00a0n=0,1,2,3,\u2026Q = \\pm ne \\quad \\text{where } n = 0, 1, 2, 3, \\ldots<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">\u00b1<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"mord text\"><span class=\"mord\">where\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">n<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\">0<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">1<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">2<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"mord\">3<\/span><span class=\"mpunct\">,<\/span><span class=\"minner\">\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1018\" data-end=\"1098\">\n<p data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1098\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">This implies that charge cannot take any arbitrary value but must be a multiple of <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">ee<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><span class=\"ms-1 inline-flex max-w-full items-center relative top-[-0.094rem] animate-[show_150ms_ease-in]\"><span class=\"relative start-0 bottom-0 flex h-full w-full items-center\"><span class=\"flex h-4 w-full items-center justify-between overflow-hidden\"><span class=\"max-w-full grow truncate overflow-hidden text-center\">Learn CBSE<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1324\">\n<p data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1150\"><strong data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1149\">Like Charges Repel, Unlike Charges Attract<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1324\">\n<li data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1195\">\n<p data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1195\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Charges of the same sign (both positive or both negative) repel each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1199\" data-end=\"1240\">\n<p data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1240\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Charges of opposite signs (one positive and one negative) attract each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1244\" data-end=\"1324\">\n<p data-start=\"1246\" data-end=\"1324\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">This fundamental behavior governs the interactions between charged particles.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1527\">\n<p data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1353\"><strong data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1352\">Charge is Invariant<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1527\">\n<li data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1398\">\n<p data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1398\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">The value of electric charge is independent of the frame of reference.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1443\">\n<p data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1443\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">Whether a charged particle is at rest or in motion, its charge remains the same.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1447\" data-end=\"1527\">\n<p data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1527\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">This invariance is a cornerstone in the theory of relativity and ensures consistency in physical laws across different reference frames.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1532\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"1534\" data-end=\"1612\"><span class=\"relative -mx-px my-[-0.2rem] rounded px-px py-[0.2rem] transition-colors duration-100 ease-in-out\">For a more detailed explanation and visual representation of these properties, you might find the following video helpful:<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"not-prose mb-3 flex flex-col gap-4 text-base\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"1658\" data-end=\"1755\">If you have any further questions or need clarification on any of these points, feel free to ask!<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1658\" data-end=\"1755\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www2.tntech.edu\/leap\/murdock\/books\/v4chap1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Class 12th Physics-Electric Charges and Fields &#8211; Properties of Charges &#8211; part-5.<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Class 12th Physics-Electric Charges and Fields &#8211; Properties of Charges &#8211; part-5. [fvplayer id=&#8221;746&#8243;] \u200bIn the study of electric charges and fields, understanding the properties of electric charges is fundamental. Here are the key properties:\u200b Additivity of Charges: The total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of individual charges. For example, if a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[972],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4388","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-class-12-physics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4388","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4388"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4388\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}