{"id":2845,"date":"2025-06-07T15:26:09","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T15:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diznr.com\/?p=2845"},"modified":"2025-06-07T15:26:09","modified_gmt":"2025-06-07T15:26:09","slug":"computer-network-layer-concept-of-osi-layer-and-tcp-ip-layer-or-tcp-protocol-ip","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/computer-network-layer-concept-of-osi-layer-and-tcp-ip-layer-or-tcp-protocol-ip\/","title":{"rendered":"Computer Network Layer- Concept of OSI Layer and tcp ip layer or tcp ip protocol."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Computer Network Layer- Concept of OSI Layer and tcp ip layer or tcp ip protocol.<\/p>\n<p>[fvplayer id=&#8221;141&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"63\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"61\">\u00a0Computer Network Layers \u2013 OSI Model &amp; TCP\/IP Model<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"181\">Computer networks follow a structured model to enable communication between devices. The two main models used are:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"182\" data-end=\"313\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"182\" data-end=\"236\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"236\"><strong data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"234\">OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"313\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"313\"><strong data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"311\">TCP\/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol Model)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"350\"><strong data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"350\">\u00a0OSI Model (7 Layers)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"451\">The <strong data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"368\">OSI Model<\/strong> has <strong data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"385\">7 layers<\/strong>, each responsible for a specific function in data transmission.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"453\" data-end=\"498\"><strong data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"498\">\u00a0OSI Model Layers &amp; Their Functions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"overflow-x-auto contain-inline-size\">\n<table data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"1155\">\n<thead data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"536\">\n<tr data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"536\">\n<th data-start=\"499\" data-end=\"511\">Layer No.<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"524\">Layer Name<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"536\">Function<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"1155\">\n<tr data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"663\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"582\">7<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"600\">Application<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Interface for user applications (e.g., Web browser, Email)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"753\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"671\">6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"690\">Presentation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Data formatting, encryption, compression (e.g., SSL, JPEG)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"831\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"761\">5<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"775\">Session<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Manages sessions (start, maintain, end connections)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"917\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"839\">4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"855\">Transport<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Reliable or unreliable data transmission (e.g., TCP, UDP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"986\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"925\">3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"939\">Network<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Routing, logical addressing (IP addresses)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1068\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"994\">2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1010\">Data Link<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>MAC addressing, error detection (e.g., Ethernet, ARP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1069\" data-end=\"1155\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"1071\" data-end=\"1076\">1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1091\">Physical<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Transmission of raw bits (e.g., cables, WiFi, fiber optics)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1157\" data-end=\"1215\"><strong data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1215\">\u00a0Easy Way to Remember OSI Layers (Top to Bottom)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1216\" data-end=\"1374\"><strong data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1264\">&#8220;All People Seem To Need Data Processing&#8221;<\/strong><br data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1267\" \/>(A = Application, P = Presentation, S = Session, T = Transport, N = Network, D = Data Link, P = Physical)<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1381\" data-end=\"1414\"><strong data-start=\"1384\" data-end=\"1414\">\u00a0TCP\/IP Model (4 Layers)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1415\" data-end=\"1510\">The <strong data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1435\">TCP\/IP Model<\/strong> is a simpler model used in the real-world Internet. It has <strong data-start=\"1495\" data-end=\"1507\">4 layers<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<div class=\"overflow-x-auto contain-inline-size\">\n<table data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"2013\">\n<thead data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1566\">\n<tr data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1566\">\n<th data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1524\">Layer No.<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1524\" data-end=\"1537\">Layer Name<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1554\">OSI Equivalent<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1566\">Function<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"2013\">\n<tr data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1740\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1629\">4<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"1632\" data-end=\"1647\">Application<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(Application + Presentation + Session)<\/td>\n<td>Handles application protocols (HTTP, FTP, SMTP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1741\" data-end=\"1829\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"1743\" data-end=\"1748\">3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1764\">Transport<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>Reliable\/Unreliable data transmission (TCP, UDP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1830\" data-end=\"1911\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"1837\">2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"1840\" data-end=\"1852\">Internet<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Network<\/td>\n<td>Logical addressing &amp; routing (IP, ICMP, ARP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"2013\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"1914\" data-end=\"1919\">1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong data-start=\"1922\" data-end=\"1940\">Network Access<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>(Data Link + Physical)<\/td>\n<td>Data transfer via hardware (Ethernet, WiFi)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2015\" data-end=\"2045\"><strong data-start=\"2019\" data-end=\"2045\">\u00a0OSI vs TCP\/IP Model<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"overflow-x-auto contain-inline-size\">\n<table data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2327\">\n<thead data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2084\">\n<tr data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2084\">\n<th data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2056\">Feature<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2056\" data-end=\"2068\">OSI Model<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2068\" data-end=\"2084\">TCP\/IP Model<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2327\">\n<tr data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2155\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2145\">Number of Layers<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2217\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2158\" data-end=\"2181\">Used in Real-World?<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<td>Yes (Internet-based model)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2218\" data-end=\"2261\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2220\" data-end=\"2234\">Complexity<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>More Complex<\/td>\n<td>Simpler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2262\" data-end=\"2327\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2264\" data-end=\"2281\">Main Protocol<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Theoretical Model<\/td>\n<td>TCP\/IP Protocol Suite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"2334\" data-end=\"2379\"><strong data-start=\"2337\" data-end=\"2379\">\u00a0TCP\/IP Protocols (Used in Internet)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"overflow-x-auto contain-inline-size\">\n<table data-start=\"2380\" data-end=\"2610\">\n<thead data-start=\"2380\" data-end=\"2416\">\n<tr data-start=\"2380\" data-end=\"2416\">\n<th data-start=\"2380\" data-end=\"2392\"><strong data-start=\"2382\" data-end=\"2391\">Layer<\/strong><\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2392\" data-end=\"2416\"><strong data-start=\"2394\" data-end=\"2414\">Common Protocols<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2454\" data-end=\"2610\">\n<tr data-start=\"2454\" data-end=\"2503\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2456\" data-end=\"2471\">Application<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2504\" data-end=\"2532\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"2519\">Transport<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>TCP, UDP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2533\" data-end=\"2565\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2535\" data-end=\"2547\">Internet<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>IP, ICMP, ARP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2566\" data-end=\"2610\">\n<td><strong data-start=\"2568\" data-end=\"2586\">Network Access<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Ethernet, WiFi, PPP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2669\"><strong data-start=\"2620\" data-end=\"2669\">Key Differences Between OSI &amp; TCP\/IP Model<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2670\" data-end=\"3025\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2670\" data-end=\"2760\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2672\" data-end=\"2760\"><strong data-start=\"2672\" data-end=\"2699\">OSI Model is conceptual<\/strong>, whereas <strong data-start=\"2709\" data-end=\"2732\">TCP\/IP is practical<\/strong> and used in the Internet.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2761\" data-end=\"2816\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2816\"><strong data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2783\">OSI has 7 layers<\/strong>, TCP\/IP has only <strong data-start=\"2801\" data-end=\"2813\">4 layers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2817\" data-end=\"2932\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2819\" data-end=\"2932\"><strong data-start=\"2819\" data-end=\"2872\">OSI model separates Presentation &amp; Session layers<\/strong>, but TCP\/IP combines them into the <strong data-start=\"2908\" data-end=\"2929\">Application layer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2933\" data-end=\"3025\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2935\" data-end=\"3025\"><strong data-start=\"2935\" data-end=\"2975\">TCP\/IP follows a client-server model<\/strong> and is the foundation of <strong data-start=\"3001\" data-end=\"3022\">modern networking<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"3032\" data-end=\"3052\"><strong data-start=\"3035\" data-end=\"3052\">\u00a0Conclusion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3053\" data-end=\"3365\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3053\" data-end=\"3131\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3055\" data-end=\"3131\"><strong data-start=\"3055\" data-end=\"3068\">OSI Model<\/strong> is used for learning and understanding network architecture.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3132\" data-end=\"3221\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3134\" data-end=\"3221\"><strong data-start=\"3134\" data-end=\"3150\">TCP\/IP Model<\/strong> is used in real-world networking (Internet, websites, emails, etc.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3222\" data-end=\"3365\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3224\" data-end=\"3365\"><strong data-start=\"3224\" data-end=\"3258\">Understanding TCP\/IP protocols<\/strong> (like HTTP, TCP, IP, etc.) is crucial for <strong data-start=\"3301\" data-end=\"3362\">network engineers, cybersecurity, and software developers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3367\" data-end=\"3446\">\u00a0<strong data-start=\"3370\" data-end=\"3446\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Do you want a practical example or a deeper explanation of any layer?<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3367\" data-end=\"3446\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbspu.ac.in\/e-content\/The-OSI-and-TCPIP-Models.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer Network Layer- Concept of OSI Layer and tcp ip layer or tcp ip protocol.<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wit-hdip-computer-science.github.io\/semester-1-computer-networks\/topic02\/talk-1\/talk-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Data Encapsulation &amp; OSI &amp; TCP\/IP Models Week 2<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uomustansiriyah.edu.iq\/media\/lectures\/6\/6_2023_03_21!12_12_22_PM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The OSI Model and the TCP\/IP Protocol Suite<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/egyankosh.ac.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/11692\/1\/Unit-2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNIT 2 OSI AND TCP\/IP MODELS<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\">Network Models OSI vs. TCP\/IP<\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mpez.co.in\/static\/assets\/CTI\/Courses-header-pdf\/notes-pdf\/9.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chapter 2 Network Models<\/a><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"142\">Here&#8217;s a clear and concise explanation of the <strong data-start=\"46\" data-end=\"59\">OSI Model<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"89\">TCP\/IP Protocol Suite<\/strong>, fundamental to understanding <strong data-start=\"120\" data-end=\"141\">Computer Networks<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"147\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"202\">\ud83c\udf10 <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"202\">1. OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"204\" data-end=\"415\">The <strong data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"221\">OSI Model<\/strong> is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into <strong data-start=\"328\" data-end=\"349\">7 abstract layers<\/strong>. It helps different systems communicate using standard protocols.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"469\">\ud83e\uddf1 <strong data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"469\">7 Layers of the OSI Model (Top to Bottom)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"1179\">\n<thead data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"548\">\n<tr data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"548\">\n<th data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"483\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Layer No.<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"503\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Name<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"548\" data-col-size=\"md\">Function<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"1179\">\n<tr data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"705\">\n<td data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"639\" data-col-size=\"sm\">7<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"660\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Application<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"705\" data-col-size=\"md\">Interface for the end-user (HTTP, FTP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"784\">\n<td data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"718\" data-col-size=\"sm\">6<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"718\" data-end=\"739\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Presentation<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"784\">Data formatting, encryption (JPEG, SSL)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"863\">\n<td data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"797\" data-col-size=\"sm\">5<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"818\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Session<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"863\" data-col-size=\"md\">Manages sessions and connections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"942\">\n<td data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"876\" data-col-size=\"sm\">4<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"897\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Transport<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"942\" data-col-size=\"md\">Reliable delivery (TCP, UDP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1021\">\n<td data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"955\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"955\" data-end=\"976\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Network<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1021\">Logical addressing, routing (IP)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1100\">\n<td data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1034\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1055\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Data Link<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1100\" data-col-size=\"md\">Physical addressing (MAC), error detection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1179\">\n<td data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1113\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1134\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Physical<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1179\" data-col-size=\"md\">Transmits raw bits over media (Cables)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1184\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1186\" data-end=\"1211\">\ud83c\udf10 <strong data-start=\"1192\" data-end=\"1211\">2. TCP\/IP Model<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1375\">The <strong data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1233\">TCP\/IP Model<\/strong> is the protocol suite used for the Internet and is more practical than the OSI model. It has <strong data-start=\"1327\" data-end=\"1339\">4 layers<\/strong> and is based on standard protocols.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1377\" data-end=\"1416\">\ud83e\uddf1 <strong data-start=\"1384\" data-end=\"1416\">4 Layers of the TCP\/IP Model<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"2017\">\n<thead data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1518\">\n<tr data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1518\">\n<th data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1430\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Layer No.<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1451\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Name<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1451\" data-end=\"1484\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Equivalent OSI Layers<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1518\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Key Protocols<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"1618\" data-end=\"2017\">\n<tr data-start=\"1618\" data-end=\"1717\">\n<td data-start=\"1618\" data-end=\"1630\" data-col-size=\"sm\">4<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1630\" data-end=\"1652\">Application<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1684\">OSI 7, 6, 5<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1684\" data-end=\"1717\">HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1718\" data-end=\"1817\">\n<td data-start=\"1718\" data-end=\"1730\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1730\" data-end=\"1752\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Transport<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1752\" data-end=\"1784\" data-col-size=\"sm\">OSI 4<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1784\" data-end=\"1817\" data-col-size=\"sm\">TCP, UDP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1917\">\n<td data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1830\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1830\" data-end=\"1852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Internet<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1852\" data-end=\"1884\">OSI 3<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1884\" data-end=\"1917\">IP, ICMP, ARP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1918\" data-end=\"2017\">\n<td data-start=\"1918\" data-end=\"1930\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1930\" data-end=\"1952\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Network Access<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"1984\">OSI 2 &amp; 1<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1984\" data-end=\"2017\">Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"2019\" data-end=\"2022\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2024\" data-end=\"2047\">\ud83d\udd04 <strong data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2047\">OSI vs TCP\/IP<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2615\">\n<thead data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2142\">\n<tr data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2142\">\n<th data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2070\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Feature<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2106\" data-col-size=\"sm\">OSI Model<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2106\" data-end=\"2142\" data-col-size=\"sm\">TCP\/IP Model<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2615\">\n<tr data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2330\">\n<td data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2258\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Layers<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2258\" data-end=\"2294\" data-col-size=\"sm\">7<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2294\" data-end=\"2330\">4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2331\" data-end=\"2427\">\n<td data-start=\"2331\" data-end=\"2352\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Developed by<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2352\" data-end=\"2388\" data-col-size=\"sm\">ISO<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2388\" data-end=\"2427\" data-col-size=\"sm\">DARPA (for the US Dept. of Defense)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2428\" data-end=\"2521\">\n<td data-start=\"2428\" data-end=\"2449\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Usage<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2449\" data-end=\"2485\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Theoretical framework<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"2485\" data-end=\"2521\">Practical, used in real networks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"2522\" data-end=\"2615\">\n<td data-start=\"2522\" data-end=\"2543\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Protocols Defined<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2543\" data-end=\"2579\" data-col-size=\"sm\">No<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2579\" data-end=\"2615\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2620\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2622\" data-end=\"2655\">\ud83d\udce1 <strong data-start=\"2628\" data-end=\"2655\">TCP\/IP Protocols in Use<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"2657\" data-end=\"3013\">\n<li data-start=\"2657\" data-end=\"2752\">\n<p data-start=\"2659\" data-end=\"2752\"><strong data-start=\"2659\" data-end=\"2699\">TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):<\/strong> Reliable connection, sequencing, and error recovery.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2753\" data-end=\"2822\">\n<p data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"2822\"><strong data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"2782\">IP (Internet Protocol):<\/strong> Routing and addressing across networks.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2823\" data-end=\"2899\">\n<p data-start=\"2825\" data-end=\"2899\"><strong data-start=\"2825\" data-end=\"2858\">UDP (User Datagram Protocol):<\/strong> Faster but unreliable data transmission.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2900\" data-end=\"2931\">\n<p data-start=\"2902\" data-end=\"2931\"><strong data-start=\"2902\" data-end=\"2917\">HTTP\/HTTPS:<\/strong> Web browsing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2932\" data-end=\"2962\">\n<p data-start=\"2934\" data-end=\"2962\"><strong data-start=\"2934\" data-end=\"2947\">FTP\/SFTP:<\/strong> File transfer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2963\" data-end=\"3013\">\n<p data-start=\"2965\" data-end=\"3013\"><strong data-start=\"2965\" data-end=\"2973\">DNS:<\/strong> Resolving domain names to IP addresses.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3015\" data-end=\"3018\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3020\" data-end=\"3046\">\ud83c\udfa5 Want a Visual Guide?<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3048\" data-end=\"3206\">Here\u2019s a helpful YouTube video that clearly explains the <strong data-start=\"3152\" data-end=\"3177\">OSI and TCP\/IP layers<\/strong> with animation and examples.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3208\" data-end=\"3211\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"3213\" data-end=\"3237\">Let me know if you want:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3238\" data-end=\"3326\">\n<li data-start=\"3238\" data-end=\"3261\">\n<p data-start=\"3240\" data-end=\"3261\">OSI vs TCP\/IP diagram<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3262\" data-end=\"3289\">\n<p data-start=\"3264\" data-end=\"3289\">Practice questions (MCQs)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3290\" data-end=\"3326\">\n<p data-start=\"3292\" data-end=\"3326\">Real-world examples for each layer<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3328\" data-end=\"3349\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">I&#8217;d be happy to help!<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3328\" data-end=\"3349\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kdkce.edu.in\/writereaddata\/fckimagefile\/DCN%20unit%202(Notes).pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer Network Layer- Concept of OSI Layer and tcp ip layer or tcp ip protocol.<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bcanotes.com\/Download\/networking\/Networking%20Models.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The OSI Model and the TCP\/IP Protocol Suite &#8211; BCA Notes<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Computer Network Layer- Concept of OSI Layer and tcp ip layer or tcp ip protocol. [fvplayer id=&#8221;141&#8243;] \u00a0Computer Network Layers \u2013 OSI Model &amp; TCP\/IP Model Computer networks follow a structured model to enable communication between devices. The two main models used are: OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) TCP\/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol\/Internet Protocol [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2845","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-computer-network"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2845","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/71"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2845"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2845\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}