{"id":2757,"date":"2025-06-07T15:38:12","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T15:38:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diznr.com\/?p=2757"},"modified":"2025-06-07T15:38:12","modified_gmt":"2025-06-07T15:38:12","slug":"the-c-character-set-4-part","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/the-c-character-set-4-part\/","title":{"rendered":"The C Character Set &#8211; part 4."},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The C Character Set &#8211; part 4.<\/p>\n<p>[fvplayer id=&#8221;99&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"234\">Here&#8217;s <strong data-start=\"7\" data-end=\"17\">Part 4<\/strong> of an overview of the <strong data-start=\"40\" data-end=\"59\">C character set<\/strong>, assuming you&#8217;re continuing a breakdown of the C programming language&#8217;s fundamental elements. If you&#8217;d like this to match a previous format or style, feel free to share that.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"236\" data-end=\"239\" \/>\n<h2 class=\"\" data-start=\"241\" data-end=\"300\"><strong data-start=\"244\" data-end=\"300\">The C Character Set \u2013 Part 4: Trigraphs and Digraphs<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"302\" data-end=\"328\">\ud83d\udd39 What are Trigraphs?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"329\" data-end=\"553\">Trigraphs are sequences of three characters that represent a single character not easily available on some keyboards. Although rarely used today, they are part of the C standard for backward compatibility with older systems.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"\" data-start=\"555\" data-end=\"582\"><strong data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"582\">Trigraph Sequences<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<thead data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"628\">\n<tr data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"628\">\n<th data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"594\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Trigraph<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"594\" data-end=\"605\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Replaces<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"605\" data-end=\"628\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<tr data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"720\">\n<td data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"686\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"677\" data-end=\"682\">??=<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"697\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"688\" data-end=\"691\">#<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"720\">Hash \/ Pound sign<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"766\">\n<td data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"732\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"728\">??\/<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"743\"><code data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"737\">\\<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"766\">Backslash<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"812\">\n<td data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"778\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"769\" data-end=\"774\">??'<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"789\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"783\">^<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"789\" data-end=\"812\">Caret<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"858\">\n<td data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"824\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"820\">??(<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"824\" data-end=\"835\"><code data-start=\"826\" data-end=\"829\">[<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"858\">Left square bracket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"904\">\n<td data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"870\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"861\" data-end=\"866\">??)<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"870\" data-end=\"881\"><code data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"875\">]<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"881\" data-end=\"904\">Right square bracket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"950\">\n<td data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"916\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"907\" data-end=\"912\">??!<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"919\">`<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"927\">`<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"996\">\n<td data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"962\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"953\" data-end=\"958\">??&lt;<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"973\"><code data-start=\"964\" data-end=\"967\">{<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"973\" data-end=\"996\">Left curly brace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1042\">\n<td data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1008\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1004\">??&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1019\"><code data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1013\">}<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1042\">Right curly brace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1043\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<td data-start=\"1043\" data-end=\"1054\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1050\">??-<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1054\" data-end=\"1065\"><code data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1059\">~<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1088\">Tilde<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1105\">\ud83d\udccc <strong data-start=\"1093\" data-end=\"1105\">Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"contain-inline-size rounded-md border-[0.5px] border-token-border-medium relative bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary\">\n<div class=\"flex items-center text-token-text-secondary px-4 py-2 text-xs font-sans justify-between h-9 bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary select-none rounded-t-[5px]\">c<\/div>\n<div class=\"sticky top-9\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 bottom-0 flex h-9 items-center pe-2\">\n<div class=\"bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary text-token-text-secondary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary flex items-center rounded-sm px-2 font-sans text-xs\"><button class=\"flex gap-1 items-center select-none px-4 py-1\" aria-label=\"Copy\">Copy<\/button><span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><button class=\"flex items-center gap-1 px-4 py-1 select-none\">Edit<\/button><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"overflow-y-auto p-4\" dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"whitespace-pre! language-c\">??=include &lt;stdio.h&gt;   <span class=\"hljs-comment\">\/\/ Equivalent to #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;<\/span><br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1175\" data-end=\"1307\">\ud83d\uded1 <strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1190\">Warning:<\/strong> Trigraphs are considered obsolete and can confuse readers. Most compilers disable them by default or issue warnings.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1312\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1339\">\ud83d\udd39 What are Digraphs?<\/h3>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1519\">Digraphs are two-character sequences that provide alternate ways to write some punctuation characters, particularly useful on systems where those characters are difficult to type.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"\" data-start=\"1521\" data-end=\"1547\"><strong data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1547\">Digraph Sequences<\/strong><\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1862\">\n<thead data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1592\">\n<tr data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1592\">\n<th data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1558\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Digraph<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1558\" data-end=\"1569\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Replaces<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1592\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"1638\" data-end=\"1862\">\n<tr data-start=\"1638\" data-end=\"1682\">\n<td data-start=\"1638\" data-end=\"1648\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1640\" data-end=\"1644\">&lt;:<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1659\"><code data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1653\">[<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1682\">Left square bracket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1727\">\n<td data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1693\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1689\">:&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"1704\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1695\" data-end=\"1698\">]<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1727\">Right square bracket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1772\">\n<td data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1738\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1730\" data-end=\"1734\">&lt;%<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1738\" data-end=\"1749\"><code data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1743\">{<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1772\">Left curly brace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1817\">\n<td data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1783\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1779\">%&gt;<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"1794\"><code data-start=\"1785\" data-end=\"1788\">}<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1794\" data-end=\"1817\">Right curly brace<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1862\">\n<td data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1828\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1824\">%:<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"1828\" data-end=\"1839\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><code data-start=\"1830\" data-end=\"1833\">#<\/code><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"1862\">Hash \/ Pound sign<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1864\" data-end=\"1879\">\ud83d\udccc <strong data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"1879\">Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"contain-inline-size rounded-md border-[0.5px] border-token-border-medium relative bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary\">\n<div class=\"flex items-center text-token-text-secondary px-4 py-2 text-xs font-sans justify-between h-9 bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary select-none rounded-t-[5px]\">c<\/div>\n<div class=\"sticky top-9\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 bottom-0 flex h-9 items-center pe-2\">\n<div class=\"bg-token-sidebar-surface-primary text-token-text-secondary dark:bg-token-main-surface-secondary flex items-center rounded-sm px-2 font-sans text-xs\"><button class=\"flex gap-1 items-center select-none px-4 py-1\" aria-label=\"Copy\">Copy<\/button><span class=\"\" data-state=\"closed\"><button class=\"flex items-center gap-1 px-4 py-1 select-none\">Edit<\/button><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"overflow-y-auto p-4\" dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"whitespace-pre! language-c\">&lt;% <span class=\"hljs-type\">int<\/span> arr&lt;:<span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>:&gt; = &lt;%<span class=\"hljs-number\">1<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">2<\/span>, <span class=\"hljs-number\">3<\/span>%&gt;; %&gt;   <span class=\"hljs-comment\">\/\/ Equivalent to: int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3};<\/span><br \/>\n<\/code><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1968\" data-end=\"2065\">\ud83e\udde0 <strong data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"1980\">Note:<\/strong> Unlike trigraphs, digraphs are more accepted but still uncommon in modern codebases.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"2067\" data-end=\"2070\" \/>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2072\" data-end=\"2086\">\ud83d\udd39 Summary<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2430\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2180\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2180\"><strong data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2104\">Trigraphs:<\/strong> Deprecated and rarely used; composed of <code data-start=\"2145\" data-end=\"2149\">??<\/code> followed by a third character.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2181\" data-end=\"2296\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2183\" data-end=\"2296\"><strong data-start=\"2183\" data-end=\"2196\">Digraphs:<\/strong> Two-character alternatives for braces, brackets, and the hash sign; supported but rarely necessary.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2430\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2299\" data-end=\"2430\"><strong data-start=\"2299\" data-end=\"2316\">Modern usage:<\/strong> Most modern systems and editors support all characters directly. These constructs mainly exist for compatibility.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr class=\"\" data-start=\"2432\" data-end=\"2435\" \/>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2437\" data-end=\"2608\">Would you like <strong data-start=\"2452\" data-end=\"2462\">Part 5<\/strong> to cover <strong data-start=\"2472\" data-end=\"2530\">character classification (e.g., letters, digits, etc.)<\/strong>, or something else like <strong data-start=\"2555\" data-end=\"2575\">escape sequences<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2589\">keywords<\/strong>, or <strong data-start=\"2594\" data-end=\"2607\">operators<\/strong>?<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2437\" data-end=\"2608\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aravindakasukurthi.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/ctokens_chapter2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The C Character Set &#8211; part 4.<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mcemotihari.ac.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/file_5dc2a70005960.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The C programming Language<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The C Character Set &#8211; part 4. [fvplayer id=&#8221;99&#8243;] Here&#8217;s Part 4 of an overview of the C character set, assuming you&#8217;re continuing a breakdown of the C programming language&#8217;s fundamental elements. If you&#8217;d like this to match a previous format or style, feel free to share that. The C Character Set \u2013 Part 4: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[97],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-c-programming"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2757","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/71"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2757"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2757\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}