{"id":2524,"date":"2025-06-07T00:26:38","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T00:26:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/diznr.com\/?p=2524"},"modified":"2025-06-07T00:26:38","modified_gmt":"2025-06-07T00:26:38","slug":"phases-of-distributed-system-or-architecture-of-distributed-system-application-distributed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/phases-of-distributed-system-or-architecture-of-distributed-system-application-distributed\/","title":{"rendered":"Phases of Distributed System or Architecture of Distributed System-distributed application"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Phases of Distributed System or Architecture of Distributed System-distributed application.<\/p>\n<p>[fvplayer id=&#8221;61&#8243;]<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"78\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"76\">Phases of a Distributed System &amp; Architecture of Distributed Systems<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"80\" data-end=\"273\">A <strong data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"104\">Distributed System<\/strong> consists of multiple interconnected computers that communicate and coordinate to achieve a common goal. It ensures scalability, fault tolerance, and resource sharing.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"322\"><strong data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"320\">1. Phases of a Distributed System<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"324\" data-end=\"372\">A distributed system follows these key phases:<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"401\"><strong data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"399\">1.1. Design Phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"636\">\n<li data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"482\">Identifying system requirements (scalability, fault tolerance, performance).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"563\">Choosing an architecture model (Client-Server, Peer-to-Peer, Microservices).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"564\" data-end=\"636\">Selecting communication protocols (RPC, REST, gRPC, Message Queues).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"670\"><strong data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"668\">1.2. Development Phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"856\">\n<li data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"717\">Implementation of services and components.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"718\" data-end=\"790\">Writing distributed algorithms for coordination and synchronization.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"791\" data-end=\"856\">Incorporating security features (encryption, authentication).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"889\"><strong data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"887\">1.3. Deployment Phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"890\" data-end=\"1013\">\n<li data-start=\"890\" data-end=\"951\">Deploying distributed applications across multiple nodes.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"952\" data-end=\"1013\">Setting up load balancing and fault tolerance mechanisms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1015\" data-end=\"1062\"><strong data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1060\">1.4. Execution and Coordination Phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1205\">\n<li data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1126\">Managing distributed transactions and ensuring consistency.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1205\">Synchronization and message passing (e.g., logical clocks, vector clocks).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1207\" data-end=\"1254\"><strong data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1252\">1.5. Monitoring and Maintenance Phase<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1388\">\n<li data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1318\">Fault detection and recovery (failure handling mechanisms).<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1388\">Performance monitoring and scaling (horizontal\/vertical scaling).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1443\"><strong data-start=\"1398\" data-end=\"1441\">2. Architecture of a Distributed System<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1532\">The architecture defines how different components interact. There are several models:<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1534\" data-end=\"1575\"><strong data-start=\"1538\" data-end=\"1573\">2.1. Client-Server Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1702\">\n<li data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1631\">Clients send requests; servers process and respond.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1632\" data-end=\"1702\">Example: Web applications (browsers communicate with web servers).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1750\"><strong data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1748\">2.2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1871\">\n<li data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1815\">All nodes are equal, and each can act as a client or server.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1871\">Example: Torrent file sharing, blockchain networks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1873\" data-end=\"1911\"><strong data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"1909\">2.3. Three-Tier Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"2117\">\n<li data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"2079\">Divides the system into three layers:\n<ol data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"2079\">\n<li data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"2000\"><strong data-start=\"1959\" data-end=\"1981\">Presentation Layer<\/strong> (User Interface)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2003\" data-end=\"2046\"><strong data-start=\"2006\" data-end=\"2027\">Application Layer<\/strong> (Business Logic)<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2079\"><strong data-start=\"2052\" data-end=\"2066\">Data Layer<\/strong> (Database)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2080\" data-end=\"2117\">Example: E-commerce applications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2119\" data-end=\"2160\"><strong data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2158\">2.4. Microservices Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2161\" data-end=\"2325\">\n<li data-start=\"2161\" data-end=\"2222\">Applications are broken into small, independent services.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2223\" data-end=\"2262\">Each service communicates via APIs.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2263\" data-end=\"2325\">Example: Netflix, Amazon, modern cloud-based applications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2327\" data-end=\"2367\"><strong data-start=\"2331\" data-end=\"2365\">2.5. Event-Driven Architecture<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2368\" data-end=\"2491\">\n<li data-start=\"2368\" data-end=\"2425\">Components communicate asynchronously through events.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2368\" data-end=\"2425\">Example: IoT applications, real-time stock trading platforms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2534\"><strong data-start=\"2501\" data-end=\"2532\">3. Distributed Applications<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2535\" data-end=\"2624\">A <strong data-start=\"2537\" data-end=\"2564\">Distributed Application<\/strong> runs on multiple machines but appears as a single system.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2626\" data-end=\"2673\"><strong data-start=\"2630\" data-end=\"2671\">Examples of Distributed Applications:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2674\" data-end=\"2868\">\n<li data-start=\"2674\" data-end=\"2724\"><strong data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2722\">Cloud Computing (AWS, Google Cloud, Azure)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2725\" data-end=\"2771\"><strong data-start=\"2727\" data-end=\"2769\">Databases (MongoDB, Cassandra, Hadoop)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2772\" data-end=\"2821\"><strong data-start=\"2774\" data-end=\"2819\">Messaging Systems (Kafka, RabbitMQ, MQTT)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2822\" data-end=\"2868\"><strong data-start=\"2824\" data-end=\"2866\">Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Networks<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2870\" data-end=\"2966\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Would you like details on a specific architecture or an example of a distributed application?<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"2870\" data-end=\"2966\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mrcet.com\/downloads\/digital_notes\/CSE\/III%20Year\/DISTRIBUTED%20SYSTEMS%20NOTES.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Phases of Distributed System or Architecture of Distributed System-distributed application<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\">Module 1 &#8211; Distributed System Architectures &amp; Models<\/h3>\n<div class=\"notranslate HGLrXd iUh30 ojE3Fb\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"kb0PBd A9Y9g jGGQ5e\" data-snf=\"x5WNvb\" data-snhf=\"0\">\n<div class=\"yuRUbf\">\n<div class=\"b8lM7\">\n<h3 class=\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\">Module 2 Distributed System Architectures<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"154\">Here\u2019s a detailed explanation of the <strong data-start=\"37\" data-end=\"71\">Phases of a Distributed System<\/strong> (or its architecture), especially in the context of a <strong data-start=\"126\" data-end=\"153\">distributed application<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"159\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"161\" data-end=\"208\">\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f <strong data-start=\"168\" data-end=\"208\">Architecture of a Distributed System<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"408\">A <strong data-start=\"212\" data-end=\"234\">Distributed System<\/strong> is a collection of independent computers that appear to the users as a single coherent system. It is built in layers\/phases that represent how different components interact.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"410\" data-end=\"413\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"443\">\ud83d\udd04 <strong data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"443\">1. Hardware Layer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"662\">\n<li data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"518\">\n<p data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"518\"><strong data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"464\">Nodes\/Machines<\/strong>: The physical servers, desktops, mobile devices, etc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"613\">\n<p data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"613\">Can be <strong data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"543\">homogeneous<\/strong> (same type) or <strong data-start=\"559\" data-end=\"576\">heterogeneous<\/strong> (different architectures\/platforms).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"662\">\n<p data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"662\">Connected via <strong data-start=\"630\" data-end=\"641\">network<\/strong> (LAN\/WAN, Internet).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"667\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"669\" data-end=\"696\">\ud83d\udce1 <strong data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"696\">2. Network Layer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"897\">\n<li data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"739\">\n<p data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"739\">Provides communication between machines.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"788\">\n<p data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"788\">Protocols: <strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"763\">TCP\/IP<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"772\">UDP<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"782\">gRPC<\/strong>, etc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"789\" data-end=\"897\">\n<p data-start=\"791\" data-end=\"799\">Handles:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"897\">\n<li data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"824\">\n<p data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"824\">Message transmission<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"872\">\n<p data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"872\">Fault detection (timeouts, retransmissions)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"897\">\n<p data-start=\"877\" data-end=\"897\">Basic security (TLS)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"902\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"941\">\ud83d\udda5\ufe0f <strong data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"941\">3. Operating System Layer<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1164\">\n<li data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1021\">\n<p data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"1021\">The OS abstracts the hardware and manages local resources (files, processes).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1078\">\n<p data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1078\">Also provides <strong data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1061\">network access APIs<\/strong> (e.g., sockets).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1164\">\n<p data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1164\">Often handles <strong data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1117\">process scheduling<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1140\">local concurrency<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1142\" data-end=\"1163\">memory management<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1166\" data-end=\"1169\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1234\">\ud83e\uddf1 <strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1201\">4. Middleware Layer<\/strong> (\ud83d\udca1 Core of distributed systems)<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1586\">\n<li data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1289\">\n<p data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1289\">Sits between the OS and the distributed application.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1290\" data-end=\"1586\">\n<p data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1340\">Provides <strong data-start=\"1301\" data-end=\"1317\">abstractions<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1322\" data-end=\"1334\">services<\/strong> like:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1343\" data-end=\"1586\">\n<li data-start=\"1343\" data-end=\"1410\">\n<p data-start=\"1345\" data-end=\"1410\"><strong data-start=\"1345\" data-end=\"1377\">Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)<\/strong> \/ Remote Method Invocation (RMI)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1413\" data-end=\"1458\">\n<p data-start=\"1415\" data-end=\"1458\"><strong data-start=\"1415\" data-end=\"1434\">Message Passing<\/strong> (e.g., Kafka, RabbitMQ)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1482\">\n<p data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1482\"><strong data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1482\">Naming Services<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1508\">\n<p data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1508\"><strong data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1508\">Security services<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1511\" data-end=\"1551\">\n<p data-start=\"1513\" data-end=\"1551\"><strong data-start=\"1513\" data-end=\"1551\">Data serialization\/deserialization<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1586\">\n<p data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1586\"><strong data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1586\">Fault tolerance mechanisms<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1658\">\ud83e\udde0 <strong data-start=\"1591\" data-end=\"1603\">Examples<\/strong>: CORBA, gRPC, Java RMI, REST APIs, DDS, .NET Remoting.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1663\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1665\" data-end=\"1723\">\ud83e\udde9 <strong data-start=\"1672\" data-end=\"1723\">5. Application Layer (Distributed Applications)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1964\">\n<li data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1793\">\n<p data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1793\">This is where the actual <strong data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1784\">distributed application logic<\/strong> resides.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1794\" data-end=\"1964\">\n<p data-start=\"1796\" data-end=\"1805\">Examples:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1964\">\n<li data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1852\">\n<p data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1852\">Distributed databases (Cassandra, MongoDB)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1855\" data-end=\"1900\">\n<p data-start=\"1857\" data-end=\"1900\">Cloud services (e.g., Google Docs, Netflix)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1903\" data-end=\"1922\">\n<p data-start=\"1905\" data-end=\"1922\">Multiplayer games<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"1940\">\n<p data-start=\"1927\" data-end=\"1940\">Microservices<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1943\" data-end=\"1964\">\n<p data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"1964\">Blockchain networks<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1966\" data-end=\"1969\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"2021\">\ud83d\udd01 <strong data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"2021\">Phases of Distributed System Development<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2060\">Phase 1: <strong data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2060\">Requirement Analysis<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2197\">\n<li data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2130\">\n<p data-start=\"2063\" data-end=\"2130\">Define the goals (e.g., scalability, consistency, fault-tolerance).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2197\">\n<p data-start=\"2133\" data-end=\"2197\">Determine system topology (peer-to-peer, client-server, hybrid).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2199\" data-end=\"2229\">Phase 2: <strong data-start=\"2212\" data-end=\"2229\">System Design<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2230\" data-end=\"2409\">\n<li data-start=\"2230\" data-end=\"2291\">\n<p data-start=\"2232\" data-end=\"2291\">Choose architecture: centralized, decentralized, or hybrid.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2292\" data-end=\"2351\">\n<p data-start=\"2294\" data-end=\"2351\">Select middleware, communication protocols, data formats.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2352\" data-end=\"2409\">\n<p data-start=\"2354\" data-end=\"2409\">Design failure recovery and synchronization strategies.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2411\" data-end=\"2442\">Phase 3: <strong data-start=\"2424\" data-end=\"2442\">Implementation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2443\" data-end=\"2562\">\n<li data-start=\"2443\" data-end=\"2496\">\n<p data-start=\"2445\" data-end=\"2496\">Develop system components and integrate middleware.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2497\" data-end=\"2562\">\n<p data-start=\"2499\" data-end=\"2562\">Use programming models: RPC, message queues, event-driven, etc.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2564\" data-end=\"2591\">Phase 4: <strong data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2591\">Deployment<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2592\" data-end=\"2692\">\n<li data-start=\"2592\" data-end=\"2636\">\n<p data-start=\"2594\" data-end=\"2636\">Deploy on cloud\/on-premise infrastructure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2692\">\n<p data-start=\"2639\" data-end=\"2692\">Manage scaling, node registration, service discovery.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"2694\" data-end=\"2735\">Phase 5: <strong data-start=\"2707\" data-end=\"2735\">Monitoring &amp; Maintenance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2736\" data-end=\"2843\">\n<li data-start=\"2736\" data-end=\"2788\">\n<p data-start=\"2738\" data-end=\"2788\">Track system health (latency, load, failure rate).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2789\" data-end=\"2843\">\n<p data-start=\"2791\" data-end=\"2843\">Handle upgrades, logging, alerting, dynamic scaling.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2845\" data-end=\"2848\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2850\" data-end=\"2909\">\ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f <strong data-start=\"2857\" data-end=\"2909\">Common Architectures of Distributed Applications<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_16hzy_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_16hzy_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"3592\">\n<thead data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"3006\">\n<tr data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"3006\">\n<th data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"2929\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Type<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2929\" data-end=\"2972\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Description<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2972\" data-end=\"3006\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"3103\" data-end=\"3592\">\n<tr data-start=\"3103\" data-end=\"3201\">\n<td data-start=\"3103\" data-end=\"3123\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3105\" data-end=\"3122\">Client-Server<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3123\" data-end=\"3167\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Clients request, server responds<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3167\" data-end=\"3201\">Web apps, REST APIs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3202\" data-end=\"3298\">\n<td data-start=\"3202\" data-end=\"3221\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3204\" data-end=\"3220\">Peer-to-Peer<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3221\" data-end=\"3264\">All nodes are equal, decentralized<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"3264\" data-end=\"3298\">BitTorrent, blockchain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3299\" data-end=\"3396\">\n<td data-start=\"3299\" data-end=\"3318\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3301\" data-end=\"3315\">Three-tier<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3318\" data-end=\"3362\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Presentation \u2192 Logic \u2192 Data<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3362\" data-end=\"3396\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Enterprise apps, ERPs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3397\" data-end=\"3493\">\n<td data-start=\"3397\" data-end=\"3416\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3399\" data-end=\"3416\">Microservices<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3416\" data-end=\"3459\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Multiple small services communicate<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3459\" data-end=\"3493\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Netflix, Amazon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3494\" data-end=\"3592\">\n<td data-start=\"3494\" data-end=\"3517\" data-col-size=\"sm\"><strong data-start=\"3496\" data-end=\"3516\">Service-Oriented<\/strong><\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3517\" data-end=\"3558\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Services are loosely coupled<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3558\" data-end=\"3592\" data-col-size=\"sm\">SOAP, WSDL-based architectures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3597\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3599\" data-end=\"3611\">\u2705 Summary<\/h2>\n<ul data-start=\"3613\" data-end=\"3915\">\n<li data-start=\"3613\" data-end=\"3720\">\n<p data-start=\"3615\" data-end=\"3720\">A <strong data-start=\"3617\" data-end=\"3639\">distributed system<\/strong> consists of multiple layers: hardware \u2192 network \u2192 OS \u2192 middleware \u2192 application.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3721\" data-end=\"3796\">\n<p data-start=\"3723\" data-end=\"3796\"><strong data-start=\"3723\" data-end=\"3737\">Middleware<\/strong> plays a critical role in hiding distribution complexities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3797\" data-end=\"3915\">\n<p data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3915\"><strong data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3827\">Distributed applications<\/strong> leverage this architecture to provide scalable, fault-tolerant, and efficient services.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3917\" data-end=\"3920\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"3922\" data-end=\"4035\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Would you like a <strong data-start=\"3939\" data-end=\"3970\">diagram of the architecture<\/strong>, or a <strong data-start=\"3977\" data-end=\"4029\">comparison of distributed vs centralized systems<\/strong> next?<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"3922\" data-end=\"4035\"><a href=\"https:\/\/erp.metbhujbalknowledgecity.ac.in\/StudyMaterial\/01AK012016008370013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Phases of Distributed System or Architecture of Distributed System-distributed application<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Phases of Distributed System or Architecture of Distributed System-distributed application.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":64,"featured_media":2525,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[1711,1708,1712],"class_list":["post-2524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-distributed-computing","tag-architecture-of-distributed-systems","tag-distributed-computing","tag-distributed-system-architecture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/64"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2524"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2524\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2524"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2524"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/pdf\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}