{"id":1811,"date":"2025-04-01T11:28:26","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T11:28:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/topperpoint.com\/?p=1811"},"modified":"2025-04-01T11:28:26","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T11:28:26","slug":"tnpsc-trb-rrb-chemistry-study-material-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/tnpsc-trb-rrb-chemistry-study-material-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"TNPSC, TRB, RRB Chemistry Study Material Part &#8211; 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/02\/chemistry2B2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf &#8211;\u00a0II<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TNPSC\u00a0\u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc7, TNPSC, RRB\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baf \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u00a01\u00a0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0TNPSC Gp-2, Gp-2A, Gp-4\u00a0\u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b95\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0DOWNLOAD\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0Link &#8211;\u00a0\u0b90 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0Download\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Preview Material&#8230;<\/strong><br \/>https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1lgYOp7ZcRawV7077AE6sYH6wPwqwm9DS\/preview<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Download Link is Here&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chemistry 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1lgYOp7ZcRawV7077AE6sYH6wPwqwm9DS\/preview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOWNLOAD LINK<br \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0UPLOAD\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u00a0ACADEMY MATERIAL\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0COPYRIGHT MATERIAL\u00a0\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bb3\u00a0E &#8211; MAIL\u00a0\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9\u00a0\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc7,\u00a0TNPSC Group\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u00a0&amp;\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0Study Material\u00a0\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1\u00a0\u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u00a0TRB Study Material-\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd.\u0b8f\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd,\u00a0\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u00a0COMMENT BOX-\u00a0\u0b90\u00a0Click\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u00a0\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0\u00a0\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u00a0E-Mail ID -\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"291\">Here\u2019s the <strong data-start=\"11\" data-end=\"48\">Chemistry Study Material Part &#8211; 2<\/strong> for <strong data-start=\"53\" data-end=\"62\">TNPSC<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"71\">TRB<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"77\" data-end=\"84\">RRB<\/strong> exams, focusing on more advanced topics and concepts that are crucial for your preparation. This part covers essential topics from <strong data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"238\">Physical Chemistry<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"240\" data-end=\"261\">Organic Chemistry<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"267\" data-end=\"290\">Inorganic Chemistry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"364\"><strong data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"364\">Chemistry Study Material Part &#8211; 2 for TNPSC, TRB, and RRB Exams<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"371\" data-end=\"405\"><strong data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"405\">1. Chemical Thermodynamics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"409\" data-end=\"634\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"443\"><strong data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"442\">First Law of Thermodynamics<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"634\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"520\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"520\">Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (\u0394U = Q &#8211; W).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"630\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"630\"><strong data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"568\">Work Done in Thermodynamic Processes<\/strong>: Work done in isothermal, adiabatic, and isochoric processes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"939\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"673\"><strong data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"672\">Second Law of Thermodynamics<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"939\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"740\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"740\"><strong data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"692\">Entropy<\/strong>: Measure of disorder or randomness in a system.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"746\" data-end=\"835\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"835\"><strong data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"776\">Spontaneity of Reactions<\/strong>: A reaction is spontaneous if the total entropy increases.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"841\" data-end=\"935\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"935\"><strong data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"868\">Gibbs Free Energy (G)<\/strong>: \u0394G = \u0394H &#8211; T\u0394S (When \u0394G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"962\"><strong data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"961\">Enthalpy (H)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1006\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"970\" data-end=\"1006\">The total heat content of a system.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1012\" data-end=\"1088\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1088\"><strong data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1034\">Heat of Reaction<\/strong>: The heat change associated with a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1123\"><strong data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1123\">2. Chemical Kinetics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"2213\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1330\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1270\"><strong data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1149\">Rate of Reaction<\/strong>: The speed at which a reaction occurs. It can be defined as the change in concentration of reactants\/products over time.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1330\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1326\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1326\">Rate = Change in concentration \/ Change in time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1646\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1372\"><strong data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1371\">Factors Affecting Reaction Rate<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1646\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1455\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1380\" data-end=\"1455\"><strong data-start=\"1380\" data-end=\"1397\">Concentration<\/strong>: Increasing concentration increases the rate of reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1534\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1534\"><strong data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1478\">Temperature<\/strong>: Increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1540\" data-end=\"1642\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1642\"><strong data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1555\">Catalysts<\/strong>: Substances that increase the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1924\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1688\"><strong data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1687\">Rate Laws and Order of Reaction<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1924\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1790\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"1790\"><strong data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"1708\">Rate Law<\/strong>: An expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of reactants.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1796\" data-end=\"1920\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1798\" data-end=\"1920\"><strong data-start=\"1798\" data-end=\"1841\">Zero, First, and Second Order Reactions<\/strong>: Describes how the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of reactants.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1928\" data-end=\"2213\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1930\" data-end=\"1953\"><strong data-start=\"1930\" data-end=\"1952\">Arrhenius Equation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1959\" data-end=\"2213\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1959\" data-end=\"2029\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"2029\">The equation describes how temperature affects the rate of reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2035\" data-end=\"2068\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2037\" data-end=\"2068\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">k=Ae\u2212EaRTk = A e^{-\\frac{E_a}{RT}}<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">e<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">\u2212<span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">RT<\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size3 size1 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">E<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">a<\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2074\" data-end=\"2213\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2213\">Where <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">kk<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">k<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is the rate constant, <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">AA<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">A<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is the frequency factor, <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">EaE_a<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">a<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is the activation energy, and <span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">RR<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">R<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> is the gas constant.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2220\" data-end=\"2247\"><strong data-start=\"2224\" data-end=\"2247\">3. Electrochemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2251\" data-end=\"3176\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2251\" data-end=\"2501\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2253\" data-end=\"2289\"><strong data-start=\"2253\" data-end=\"2288\">Electrolytic and Galvanic Cells<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2295\" data-end=\"2501\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2295\" data-end=\"2389\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2389\"><strong data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2319\">Electrolytic Cells<\/strong>: Where electrical energy is used to drive a non-spontaneous reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2395\" data-end=\"2497\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2397\" data-end=\"2497\"><strong data-start=\"2397\" data-end=\"2431\">Galvanic Cells (Voltaic Cells)<\/strong>: Where spontaneous chemical reactions generate electrical energy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2505\" data-end=\"2647\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2527\"><strong data-start=\"2507\" data-end=\"2526\">Nernst Equation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2533\" data-end=\"2647\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2533\" data-end=\"2600\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2535\" data-end=\"2600\">A formula used to calculate the equilibrium potential for an ion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2606\" data-end=\"2643\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2608\" data-end=\"2643\"><span class=\"katex\"><span class=\"katex-mathml\">E=E0\u2212RTnFln\u2061QE = E^0 &#8211; \\frac{RT}{nF} \\ln Q<\/span><span class=\"katex-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"mrel\">=<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">E<\/span><span class=\"msupsub\"><span class=\"vlist-t\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\">0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mbin\">\u2212<\/span><\/span><span class=\"base\"><span class=\"mord\"><span class=\"mfrac\"><span class=\"vlist-t vlist-t2\"><span class=\"vlist-r\"><span class=\"vlist\"><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">n<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">F<\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight\"><span class=\"mord mtight\"><span class=\"mord mathnormal mtight\">RT<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"vlist-s\">\u200b<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"mop\">ln<\/span><span class=\"mord mathnormal\">Q<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2651\" data-end=\"2827\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2653\" data-end=\"2670\"><strong data-start=\"2653\" data-end=\"2669\">Electrolysis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2827\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2676\" data-end=\"2753\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2678\" data-end=\"2753\">The process of using electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2759\" data-end=\"2827\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2761\" data-end=\"2827\">Example: Electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen gas.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2832\" data-end=\"3176\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"2869\"><strong data-start=\"2834\" data-end=\"2868\">Faraday&#8217;s Laws of Electrolysis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2875\" data-end=\"3176\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2875\" data-end=\"3027\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2877\" data-end=\"3027\"><strong data-start=\"2877\" data-end=\"2890\">First Law<\/strong>: The amount of substance liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of electricity passed through the electrolyte.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3176\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3035\" data-end=\"3176\"><strong data-start=\"3035\" data-end=\"3049\">Second Law<\/strong>: The amount of different substances liberated by the same quantity of electricity is proportional to their equivalent weights.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3183\" data-end=\"3211\"><strong data-start=\"3187\" data-end=\"3211\">4. Organic Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3215\" data-end=\"4530\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3215\" data-end=\"3524\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3217\" data-end=\"3234\"><strong data-start=\"3217\" data-end=\"3233\">Hydrocarbons<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3240\" data-end=\"3524\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3240\" data-end=\"3320\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3242\" data-end=\"3320\"><strong data-start=\"3242\" data-end=\"3253\">Alkanes<\/strong>: Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds (e.g., Methane, Ethane).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3326\" data-end=\"3420\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3328\" data-end=\"3420\"><strong data-start=\"3328\" data-end=\"3339\">Alkenes<\/strong>: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond (e.g., Ethene, Propene).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3426\" data-end=\"3520\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3428\" data-end=\"3520\"><strong data-start=\"3428\" data-end=\"3439\">Alkynes<\/strong>: Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond (e.g., Ethyne, Propyne).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3528\" data-end=\"3854\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3552\"><strong data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3551\">Functional Groups<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3558\" data-end=\"3854\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3558\" data-end=\"3618\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3560\" data-end=\"3618\"><strong data-start=\"3560\" data-end=\"3572\">Alcohols<\/strong>: Contain -OH group (e.g., Ethanol, Methanol).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3624\" data-end=\"3706\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3626\" data-end=\"3706\"><strong data-start=\"3626\" data-end=\"3651\">Aldehydes and Ketones<\/strong>: Contain carbonyl group (e.g., Acetaldehyde, Acetone).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3712\" data-end=\"3787\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3714\" data-end=\"3787\"><strong data-start=\"3714\" data-end=\"3734\">Carboxylic Acids<\/strong>: Contain carboxyl group (-COOH) (e.g., Acetic Acid).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3793\" data-end=\"3850\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3795\" data-end=\"3850\"><strong data-start=\"3795\" data-end=\"3805\">Amines<\/strong>: Contain amine group (-NH\u2082) (e.g., Aniline).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3858\" data-end=\"4153\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3860\" data-end=\"3895\"><strong data-start=\"3860\" data-end=\"3894\">Reactions of Organic Compounds<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3901\" data-end=\"4153\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3901\" data-end=\"3957\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3903\" data-end=\"3957\"><strong data-start=\"3903\" data-end=\"3925\">Addition Reactions<\/strong>: Common in alkenes and alkynes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3963\" data-end=\"4034\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3965\" data-end=\"4034\"><strong data-start=\"3965\" data-end=\"3991\">Substitution Reactions<\/strong>: Common in alkanes and aromatic compounds.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4040\" data-end=\"4149\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4042\" data-end=\"4149\"><strong data-start=\"4042\" data-end=\"4067\">Elimination Reactions<\/strong>: Involves the removal of a molecule from a compound, often forming a double bond.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4157\" data-end=\"4530\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4173\"><strong data-start=\"4159\" data-end=\"4172\">Isomerism<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4530\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4179\" data-end=\"4287\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4181\" data-end=\"4287\"><strong data-start=\"4181\" data-end=\"4205\">Structural Isomerism<\/strong>: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4293\" data-end=\"4440\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4295\" data-end=\"4440\"><strong data-start=\"4295\" data-end=\"4320\">Geometrical Isomerism<\/strong>: Compounds with the same formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms (e.g., cis-trans isomerism in alkenes).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4446\" data-end=\"4530\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4448\" data-end=\"4530\"><strong data-start=\"4448\" data-end=\"4469\">Optical Isomerism<\/strong>: Compounds that are mirror images of each other (chirality).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4537\" data-end=\"4567\"><strong data-start=\"4541\" data-end=\"4567\">5. Inorganic Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"5694\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"4835\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4608\"><strong data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4607\">Periodic Table and Periodicity<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4614\" data-end=\"4835\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4614\" data-end=\"4708\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4616\" data-end=\"4708\"><strong data-start=\"4616\" data-end=\"4635\">Periodic Trends<\/strong>: Atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4714\" data-end=\"4831\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4716\" data-end=\"4831\"><strong data-start=\"4716\" data-end=\"4744\">Blocks in Periodic Table<\/strong>: S-block, P-block, D-block (Transition Elements), F-block (Inner Transition Elements).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4839\" data-end=\"5117\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4841\" data-end=\"4872\"><strong data-start=\"4841\" data-end=\"4871\">Chemical Bonding in Solids<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4878\" data-end=\"5117\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4878\" data-end=\"4953\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4880\" data-end=\"4953\"><strong data-start=\"4880\" data-end=\"4897\">Ionic Bonding<\/strong>: Bond formed by the transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4959\" data-end=\"5028\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4961\" data-end=\"5028\"><strong data-start=\"4961\" data-end=\"4981\">Covalent Bonding<\/strong>: Bond formed by sharing electrons (e.g., H\u2082O).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5034\" data-end=\"5117\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5036\" data-end=\"5117\"><strong data-start=\"5036\" data-end=\"5056\">Metallic Bonding<\/strong>: Bond between metal atoms, where electrons are free to move.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5122\" data-end=\"5409\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5124\" data-end=\"5151\"><strong data-start=\"5124\" data-end=\"5150\">Coordination Compounds<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5157\" data-end=\"5409\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5157\" data-end=\"5238\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5159\" data-end=\"5238\"><strong data-start=\"5159\" data-end=\"5170\">Ligands<\/strong>: Molecules or ions that donate electrons to the central metal atom.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5244\" data-end=\"5327\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5246\" data-end=\"5327\"><strong data-start=\"5246\" data-end=\"5269\">Coordination Number<\/strong>: The number of ligand atoms directly bonded to the metal.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5333\" data-end=\"5405\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5335\" data-end=\"5405\"><strong data-start=\"5335\" data-end=\"5355\">Types of Ligands<\/strong>: Monodentate, Bidentate, and Polydentate ligands.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5413\" data-end=\"5694\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5415\" data-end=\"5459\"><strong data-start=\"5415\" data-end=\"5458\">Transition Elements and Their Compounds<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5465\" data-end=\"5694\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5465\" data-end=\"5618\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5467\" data-end=\"5618\"><strong data-start=\"5467\" data-end=\"5509\">Characteristics of Transition Elements<\/strong>: These include their variable oxidation states, ability to form colored compounds, and catalytic properties.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5624\" data-end=\"5694\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5626\" data-end=\"5694\"><strong data-start=\"5626\" data-end=\"5666\">Important Transition Metal Complexes<\/strong>: [Fe(CN)\u2086]\u2074\u207b, [Cu(NH\u2083)\u2084]\u00b2\u207a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5701\" data-end=\"5748\"><strong data-start=\"5705\" data-end=\"5748\">6. Solutions and Colligative Properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"6445\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5752\" data-end=\"5957\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5754\" data-end=\"5777\"><strong data-start=\"5754\" data-end=\"5776\">Types of Solutions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5783\" data-end=\"5957\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5783\" data-end=\"5870\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5785\" data-end=\"5870\"><strong data-start=\"5785\" data-end=\"5807\">Saturated Solution<\/strong>: Contains the maximum amount of solute at a given temperature.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5876\" data-end=\"5953\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5878\" data-end=\"5953\"><strong data-start=\"5878\" data-end=\"5902\">Unsaturated Solution<\/strong>: Contains less solute than the saturated solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5961\" data-end=\"6445\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5963\" data-end=\"6112\"><strong data-start=\"5963\" data-end=\"5989\">Colligative Properties<\/strong>: Properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a given amount of solvent, not on the identity of the solute.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6118\" data-end=\"6445\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6118\" data-end=\"6221\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6120\" data-end=\"6221\"><strong data-start=\"6120\" data-end=\"6147\">Boiling Point Elevation<\/strong>: The boiling point of a solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6227\" data-end=\"6332\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6229\" data-end=\"6332\"><strong data-start=\"6229\" data-end=\"6258\">Freezing Point Depression<\/strong>: The freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the pure solvent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6338\" data-end=\"6445\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6340\" data-end=\"6445\"><strong data-start=\"6340\" data-end=\"6360\">Osmotic Pressure<\/strong>: The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"6452\" data-end=\"6486\"><strong data-start=\"6456\" data-end=\"6486\">7. Environmental Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6490\" data-end=\"7076\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6490\" data-end=\"6841\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6492\" data-end=\"6506\"><strong data-start=\"6492\" data-end=\"6505\">Pollution<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6512\" data-end=\"6841\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6512\" data-end=\"6661\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6514\" data-end=\"6661\"><strong data-start=\"6514\" data-end=\"6531\">Air Pollution<\/strong>: Major pollutants like <strong data-start=\"6555\" data-end=\"6579\">carbon monoxide (CO)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"6581\" data-end=\"6606\">nitrogen oxides (NO\u2093)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"6608\" data-end=\"6632\">sulfur dioxide (SO\u2082)<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"6638\" data-end=\"6660\">particulate matter<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6667\" data-end=\"6754\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6669\" data-end=\"6754\"><strong data-start=\"6669\" data-end=\"6688\">Water Pollution<\/strong>: Pollutants like industrial waste, sewage, and harmful chemicals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6760\" data-end=\"6837\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6762\" data-end=\"6837\"><strong data-start=\"6762\" data-end=\"6780\">Soil Pollution<\/strong>: Caused by the improper disposal of waste and chemicals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6845\" data-end=\"6978\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6847\" data-end=\"6868\"><strong data-start=\"6847\" data-end=\"6867\">Greenhouse Gases<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6874\" data-end=\"6978\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6874\" data-end=\"6974\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6876\" data-end=\"6974\"><strong data-start=\"6876\" data-end=\"6900\">Carbon Dioxide (CO\u2082)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"6902\" data-end=\"6919\">Methane (CH\u2084)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"6921\" data-end=\"6944\">Nitrous Oxide (N\u2082O)<\/strong> contribute to global warming.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6982\" data-end=\"7076\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6984\" data-end=\"7076\"><strong data-start=\"6984\" data-end=\"7003\">Ozone Depletion<\/strong>: Caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which break down the ozone layer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7083\" data-end=\"7114\"><strong data-start=\"7087\" data-end=\"7114\">8. Analytical Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"7118\" data-end=\"7510\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7118\" data-end=\"7259\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7120\" data-end=\"7145\"><strong data-start=\"7120\" data-end=\"7144\">Qualitative Analysis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"7259\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7151\" data-end=\"7255\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7153\" data-end=\"7255\"><strong data-start=\"7153\" data-end=\"7185\">Tests for Anions and Cations<\/strong>: Identifying anions (Cl\u207b, SO\u2084\u00b2\u207b, NO\u2083\u207b) and cations (Na\u207a, Ca\u00b2\u207a, Fe\u00b3\u207a).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7263\" data-end=\"7510\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7265\" data-end=\"7291\"><strong data-start=\"7265\" data-end=\"7290\">Quantitative Analysis<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7297\" data-end=\"7510\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7297\" data-end=\"7380\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7299\" data-end=\"7380\"><strong data-start=\"7299\" data-end=\"7312\">Titration<\/strong>: A method to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7386\" data-end=\"7510\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7388\" data-end=\"7510\"><strong data-start=\"7388\" data-end=\"7411\">Volumetric Analysis<\/strong>: Involves measuring the volume of a solution required to react with a known volume of the analyte.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7517\" data-end=\"7561\"><strong data-start=\"7521\" data-end=\"7560\">Recommended Books for Further Study<\/strong>:<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"7562\" data-end=\"7766\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7562\" data-end=\"7600\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7564\" data-end=\"7600\"><strong data-start=\"7564\" data-end=\"7586\">Physical Chemistry<\/strong> by P. Bahadur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7601\" data-end=\"7645\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7603\" data-end=\"7645\"><strong data-start=\"7603\" data-end=\"7624\">Organic Chemistry<\/strong> by Morrison and Boyd<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7646\" data-end=\"7683\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7648\" data-end=\"7683\"><strong data-start=\"7648\" data-end=\"7671\">Inorganic Chemistry<\/strong> by J.D. Lee<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7684\" data-end=\"7728\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7686\" data-end=\"7728\"><strong data-start=\"7686\" data-end=\"7707\">General Chemistry<\/strong> by Ebbing and Gammon<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7729\" data-end=\"7766\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7731\" data-end=\"7766\"><strong data-start=\"7731\" data-end=\"7757\">Chemistry for Class 12<\/strong> by NCERT<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7773\" data-end=\"7934\">By regularly practicing questions from these topics and understanding the underlying concepts, you&#8217;ll be well-prepared for <strong data-start=\"7896\" data-end=\"7905\">TNPSC<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"7907\" data-end=\"7914\">TRB<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"7920\" data-end=\"7927\">RRB<\/strong> exams.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7936\" data-end=\"8019\">Let me know if you need more specific details or further explanations on any topic!<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"7936\" data-end=\"8019\"><a href=\"https:\/\/padasalai.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UGTRB-Chemistry-Unit-Study-Materials-English-Medium-PDF-Download.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TNPSC, TRB, RRB Chemistry Study Material Part &#8211; 2<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf &#8211;\u00a0II TNPSC\u00a0\u0baa\u0bca\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc7, TNPSC, RRB\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baf \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u00a01\u00a0\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0TNPSC Gp-2, Gp-2A, Gp-4\u00a0\u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b95\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0DOWNLOAD\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0\u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0Link &#8211;\u00a0\u0b90 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0Download\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. Preview Material&#8230;https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1lgYOp7ZcRawV7077AE6sYH6wPwqwm9DS\/preview Download Link is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[206],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tnpsc-study-material"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1811","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1811"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1811\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1811"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1811"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1811"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}