{"id":1807,"date":"2025-04-01T11:25:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T11:25:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/topperpoint.com\/?p=1807"},"modified":"2025-04-01T11:25:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T11:25:13","slug":"tnpsc-trb-rrb-chemistry-study-material-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/tnpsc-trb-rrb-chemistry-study-material-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"TNPSC, TRB, RRB Chemistry Study Material Part &#8211; 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2023\/02\/Chemistry2B1.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf &#8211;\u00a0I\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TNPSC\u00a0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc7, TNPSC\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0TNPSC\u00a0\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u00a0Link-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0Link &#8211;\u00a0\u0b90 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0Download\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Preview Material&#8230;<\/strong><br \/>https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1PD9GaI4YD2E7ZR64V3WuBShXdYeG-Lug\/preview<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Download Link is Here&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chemistry 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1PD9GaI4YD2E7ZR64V3WuBShXdYeG-Lug\/preview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DOWNLOAD LINK<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0ba4\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bb2 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u00a0UPLOAD\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u00a0ACADEMY MATERIAL\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b8f\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0COPYRIGHT MATERIAL\u00a0\u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba3\u0bc8\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bb3\u00a0E &#8211; MAIL\u00a0\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9\u00a0\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc7,\u00a0TNPSC Group\u00a0\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u00a0&amp;\u00a0\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0Study Material\u00a0\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bc1\u00a0\u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u00a0TRB Study Material-\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcb\u0bae\u0bcd.<br \/>\u0b8f\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd,\u00a0\u0b95\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u00a0COMMENT BOX-\u00a0\u0b90\u00a0Click\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0\u00a0\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0\u00a0\u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u00a0E-Mail ID -\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"194\">Here\u2019s a <strong data-start=\"9\" data-end=\"37\">Chemistry Study Material<\/strong> for <strong data-start=\"42\" data-end=\"51\">TNPSC<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"53\" data-end=\"60\">TRB<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"66\" data-end=\"73\">RRB<\/strong> exams (Part &#8211; 1), covering the most important topics that are essential for your preparation in these competitive exams.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"196\" data-end=\"259\"><strong data-start=\"200\" data-end=\"259\">Chemistry Study Material for TNPSC, TRB, RRB (Part &#8211; 1)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"304\"><strong data-start=\"270\" data-end=\"304\">1. Basic Concepts of Chemistry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"959\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"722\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"333\"><strong data-start=\"310\" data-end=\"333\">Atoms and Molecules<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"339\" data-end=\"722\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"339\" data-end=\"424\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"341\" data-end=\"424\"><strong data-start=\"341\" data-end=\"358\">Atomic Theory<\/strong>: Proposed by <strong data-start=\"372\" data-end=\"387\">John Dalton<\/strong>, describing the atom as indivisible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"591\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"591\"><strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"449\">Atomic Number<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"454\" data-end=\"469\">Mass Number<\/strong>: Atomic number refers to the number of protons in an atom, while mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"658\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"658\"><strong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"612\">Molecules<\/strong>: Groups of two or more atoms bonded together.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"718\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"718\"><strong data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"680\">Molar Mass<\/strong>: The mass of one mole of a substance.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"853\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"853\"><strong data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"746\">Avogadro&#8217;s Law<\/strong>: The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles at constant temperature and pressure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"857\" data-end=\"959\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"959\"><strong data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"875\">Mole Concept<\/strong>: One mole of any substance contains <strong data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"938\">6.022 \u00d7 10\u00b2\u00b3 particles<\/strong> (Avogadro&#8217;s number).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"966\" data-end=\"993\"><strong data-start=\"970\" data-end=\"993\">2. Atomic Structure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1614\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1093\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1093\"><strong data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1015\">Bohr\u2019s Model<\/strong>: Electrons revolve around the nucleus in discrete orbits, with energy levels.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1097\" data-end=\"1270\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1270\"><strong data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1127\">Quantum Mechanical Model<\/strong>: Describes electrons using quantum numbers (Principal quantum number, Azimuthal quantum number, Magnetic quantum number, Spin quantum number).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1355\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1355\"><strong data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1302\">Electron Configuration<\/strong>: Distribution of electrons in orbitals (s, p, d, f).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1436\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1361\" data-end=\"1436\"><strong data-start=\"1361\" data-end=\"1381\">Aufbau Principle<\/strong>: Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1440\" data-end=\"1531\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1531\"><strong data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1471\">Pauli Exclusion Principle<\/strong>: No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1614\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1614\"><strong data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1552\">Hund&#8217;s Rule<\/strong>: Electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing up.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"1621\" data-end=\"1662\"><strong data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"1662\">3. Periodic Table and Periodicity<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"2578\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1765\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1765\"><strong data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1698\">Mendeleev\u2019s Periodic Table<\/strong>: Arranged elements based on increasing atomic mass and properties.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1852\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1771\" data-end=\"1852\"><strong data-start=\"1771\" data-end=\"1796\">Modern Periodic Table<\/strong>: Elements are arranged by increasing <strong data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1851\">atomic number<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1856\" data-end=\"2236\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1858\" data-end=\"1891\"><strong data-start=\"1858\" data-end=\"1890\">Trends in the Periodic Table<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1897\" data-end=\"2236\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1897\" data-end=\"1969\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1899\" data-end=\"1969\"><strong data-start=\"1899\" data-end=\"1914\">Atomic Size<\/strong>: Decreases across a period and increases down a group.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"1975\" data-end=\"2053\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"2053\"><strong data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"1998\">Ionization Energy<\/strong>: Increases across a period and decreases down a group.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2059\" data-end=\"2148\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2148\"><strong data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2082\">Electron Affinity<\/strong>: The energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2154\" data-end=\"2232\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2232\"><strong data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2177\">Electronegativity<\/strong>: The tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2240\" data-end=\"2578\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2242\" data-end=\"2274\"><strong data-start=\"2242\" data-end=\"2272\">Classification of Elements<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2280\" data-end=\"2578\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2280\" data-end=\"2366\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2282\" data-end=\"2366\"><strong data-start=\"2282\" data-end=\"2309\">Alkali Metals (Group 1)<\/strong>: Highly reactive, soft metals (e.g., Sodium, Potassium).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2372\" data-end=\"2471\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2374\" data-end=\"2471\"><strong data-start=\"2374\" data-end=\"2409\">Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)<\/strong>: Less reactive than alkali metals (e.g., Calcium, Magnesium).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2477\" data-end=\"2578\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2479\" data-end=\"2578\"><strong data-start=\"2479\" data-end=\"2500\">Transition Metals<\/strong>: Elements in the d-block with variable oxidation states (e.g., Iron, Copper).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"2585\" data-end=\"2612\"><strong data-start=\"2589\" data-end=\"2612\">4. Chemical Bonding<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2616\" data-end=\"3219\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2616\" data-end=\"2710\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2618\" data-end=\"2710\"><strong data-start=\"2618\" data-end=\"2632\">Ionic Bond<\/strong>: Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another (e.g., NaCl).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2714\" data-end=\"2788\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2716\" data-end=\"2788\"><strong data-start=\"2716\" data-end=\"2733\">Covalent Bond<\/strong>: Formed when two atoms share electrons (e.g., H\u2082, O\u2082).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2792\" data-end=\"2905\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2794\" data-end=\"2905\"><strong data-start=\"2794\" data-end=\"2822\">Coordinate Covalent Bond<\/strong>: A covalent bond where both electrons come from the same atom (e.g., NH\u2083 and BF\u2083).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"2909\" data-end=\"3070\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"3070\"><strong data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"2944\">Bond Length and Bond Strength<\/strong>: Bond length is the distance between two nuclei in a bond, and bond strength refers to the energy required to break the bond.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3074\" data-end=\"3219\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3076\" data-end=\"3219\"><strong data-start=\"3076\" data-end=\"3101\">Polarity of Molecules<\/strong>: The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms in a molecule (e.g., Water is polar, while Oxygen is nonpolar).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"3226\" data-end=\"3253\"><strong data-start=\"3230\" data-end=\"3253\">5. States of Matter<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3257\" data-end=\"4076\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3257\" data-end=\"3509\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3259\" data-end=\"3277\"><strong data-start=\"3259\" data-end=\"3276\">Gaseous State<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3283\" data-end=\"3509\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3283\" data-end=\"3312\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3285\" data-end=\"3312\"><strong data-start=\"3285\" data-end=\"3302\">Ideal Gas Law<\/strong>: PV = nRT<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3318\" data-end=\"3408\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3320\" data-end=\"3408\"><strong data-start=\"3320\" data-end=\"3335\">Boyle\u2019s Law<\/strong>: Pressure is inversely proportional to volume (at constant temperature).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3414\" data-end=\"3505\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3416\" data-end=\"3505\"><strong data-start=\"3416\" data-end=\"3433\">Charles\u2019s Law<\/strong>: Volume is directly proportional to temperature (at constant pressure).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3513\" data-end=\"3699\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3515\" data-end=\"3532\"><strong data-start=\"3515\" data-end=\"3531\">Liquid State<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3538\" data-end=\"3699\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3538\" data-end=\"3637\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3540\" data-end=\"3637\"><strong data-start=\"3540\" data-end=\"3559\">Surface Tension<\/strong>: The force that acts on the surface of a liquid, minimizing its surface area.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3643\" data-end=\"3695\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3645\" data-end=\"3695\"><strong data-start=\"3645\" data-end=\"3658\">Viscosity<\/strong>: The resistance of a liquid to flow.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3703\" data-end=\"3848\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3705\" data-end=\"3721\"><strong data-start=\"3705\" data-end=\"3720\">Solid State<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3727\" data-end=\"3848\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3727\" data-end=\"3776\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3729\" data-end=\"3776\"><strong data-start=\"3729\" data-end=\"3748\">Types of Solids<\/strong>: Crystalline and Amorphous.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3782\" data-end=\"3844\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"3844\"><strong data-start=\"3784\" data-end=\"3806\">Lattice Structures<\/strong>: Arrangement of particles in a solid.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3852\" data-end=\"4076\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3854\" data-end=\"3872\"><strong data-start=\"3854\" data-end=\"3871\">Phase Changes<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3878\" data-end=\"4076\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3878\" data-end=\"3909\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3880\" data-end=\"3909\"><strong data-start=\"3880\" data-end=\"3891\">Melting<\/strong>: Solid to liquid.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3915\" data-end=\"3944\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3917\" data-end=\"3944\"><strong data-start=\"3917\" data-end=\"3928\">Boiling<\/strong>: Liquid to gas.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"3950\" data-end=\"3998\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3998\"><strong data-start=\"3952\" data-end=\"3967\">Sublimation<\/strong>: Solid to gas (e.g., dry ice).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4004\" data-end=\"4038\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4006\" data-end=\"4038\"><strong data-start=\"4006\" data-end=\"4022\">Condensation<\/strong>: Gas to liquid.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4044\" data-end=\"4076\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4076\"><strong data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4058\">Freezing<\/strong>: Liquid to solid.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4083\" data-end=\"4112\"><strong data-start=\"4087\" data-end=\"4112\">6. Chemical Reactions<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4116\" data-end=\"4777\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4116\" data-end=\"4677\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4118\" data-end=\"4150\"><strong data-start=\"4118\" data-end=\"4149\">Types of Chemical Reactions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4156\" data-end=\"4677\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4156\" data-end=\"4250\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4158\" data-end=\"4250\"><strong data-start=\"4158\" data-end=\"4182\">Combination Reaction<\/strong>: Two reactants combine to form one product (e.g., 2H\u2082 + O\u2082 \u2192 2H\u2082O).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4256\" data-end=\"4358\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4258\" data-end=\"4358\"><strong data-start=\"4258\" data-end=\"4284\">Decomposition Reaction<\/strong>: One reactant breaks into two or more products (e.g., CaCO\u2083 \u2192 CaO + CO\u2082).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4364\" data-end=\"4455\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4366\" data-end=\"4455\"><strong data-start=\"4366\" data-end=\"4391\">Displacement Reaction<\/strong>: One element displaces another (e.g., Zn + CuSO\u2084 \u2192 ZnSO\u2084 + Cu).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4461\" data-end=\"4572\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4463\" data-end=\"4572\"><strong data-start=\"4463\" data-end=\"4495\">Double Displacement Reaction<\/strong>: Exchange of ions between two compounds (e.g., NaCl + AgNO\u2083 \u2192 NaNO\u2083 + AgCl).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4578\" data-end=\"4673\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4580\" data-end=\"4673\"><strong data-start=\"4580\" data-end=\"4599\">Redox Reactions<\/strong>: Reactions involving the transfer of electrons (oxidation and reduction).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4681\" data-end=\"4777\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4683\" data-end=\"4777\"><strong data-start=\"4683\" data-end=\"4714\">Law of Conservation of Mass<\/strong>: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"4784\" data-end=\"4831\"><strong data-start=\"4788\" data-end=\"4831\">7. Solutions and Colligative Properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"4835\" data-end=\"5514\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4835\" data-end=\"4895\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4837\" data-end=\"4895\"><strong data-start=\"4837\" data-end=\"4849\">Solution<\/strong>: A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4899\" data-end=\"4994\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"4901\" data-end=\"4994\"><strong data-start=\"4901\" data-end=\"4931\">Concentration of Solutions<\/strong>: Measured by molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"4998\" data-end=\"5381\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5027\"><strong data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5026\">Colligative Properties<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5033\" data-end=\"5381\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5033\" data-end=\"5144\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5035\" data-end=\"5144\"><strong data-start=\"5035\" data-end=\"5062\">Boiling Point Elevation<\/strong>: The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the solvent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5150\" data-end=\"5264\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5152\" data-end=\"5264\"><strong data-start=\"5152\" data-end=\"5181\">Freezing Point Depression<\/strong>: The freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the solvent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5270\" data-end=\"5377\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5272\" data-end=\"5377\"><strong data-start=\"5272\" data-end=\"5292\">Osmotic Pressure<\/strong>: The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5385\" data-end=\"5514\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5387\" data-end=\"5514\"><strong data-start=\"5387\" data-end=\"5403\">Raoult&#8217;s Law<\/strong>: The vapor pressure of a solvent is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5521\" data-end=\"5546\"><strong data-start=\"5525\" data-end=\"5546\">8. Thermodynamics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"5550\" data-end=\"5960\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5550\" data-end=\"5654\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5552\" data-end=\"5654\"><strong data-start=\"5552\" data-end=\"5583\">First Law of Thermodynamics<\/strong>: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed (\u0394U = Q &#8211; W).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5658\" data-end=\"5742\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5660\" data-end=\"5742\"><strong data-start=\"5660\" data-end=\"5692\">Second Law of Thermodynamics<\/strong>: Entropy of an isolated system tends to increase.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5746\" data-end=\"5797\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5748\" data-end=\"5797\"><strong data-start=\"5748\" data-end=\"5764\">Enthalpy (H)<\/strong>: Total heat content of a system.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5801\" data-end=\"5866\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5803\" data-end=\"5866\"><strong data-start=\"5803\" data-end=\"5818\">Entropy (S)<\/strong>: Measure of disorder or randomness in a system.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"5870\" data-end=\"5960\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"5872\" data-end=\"5960\"><strong data-start=\"5872\" data-end=\"5897\">Gibbs Free Energy (G)<\/strong>: Determines whether a reaction is spontaneous (\u0394G = \u0394H &#8211; T\u0394S).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"5967\" data-end=\"6001\"><strong data-start=\"5971\" data-end=\"6001\">9. Acids, Bases, and Salts<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6005\" data-end=\"6673\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6005\" data-end=\"6092\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6007\" data-end=\"6092\"><strong data-start=\"6007\" data-end=\"6016\">Acids<\/strong>: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H\u207a) in solution (e.g., HCl, H\u2082SO\u2084).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6096\" data-end=\"6184\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6098\" data-end=\"6184\"><strong data-start=\"6098\" data-end=\"6107\">Bases<\/strong>: Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH\u207b) in solution (e.g., NaOH, KOH).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6188\" data-end=\"6301\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6301\"><strong data-start=\"6190\" data-end=\"6208\">Salt Formation<\/strong>: When an acid reacts with a base, it forms a salt and water (e.g., HCl + NaOH \u2192 NaCl + H\u2082O).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6305\" data-end=\"6386\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6307\" data-end=\"6386\"><strong data-start=\"6307\" data-end=\"6319\">pH Scale<\/strong>: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (pH = -log[H\u207a]).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6394\" data-end=\"6673\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6396\" data-end=\"6426\"><strong data-start=\"6396\" data-end=\"6425\">Common Acid-Base Theories<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6432\" data-end=\"6673\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6432\" data-end=\"6503\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6434\" data-end=\"6503\"><strong data-start=\"6434\" data-end=\"6454\">Arrhenius Theory<\/strong>: Acids increase H\u207a in water, bases increase OH\u207b.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6509\" data-end=\"6590\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6511\" data-end=\"6590\"><strong data-start=\"6511\" data-end=\"6536\">Bronsted-Lowry Theory<\/strong>: Acids are proton donors, bases are proton acceptors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6596\" data-end=\"6673\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6598\" data-end=\"6673\"><strong data-start=\"6598\" data-end=\"6614\">Lewis Theory<\/strong>: Acids accept electron pairs, bases donate electron pairs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"6680\" data-end=\"6709\"><strong data-start=\"6684\" data-end=\"6709\">10. Chemical Kinetics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"6713\" data-end=\"7209\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6713\" data-end=\"6801\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6715\" data-end=\"6801\"><strong data-start=\"6715\" data-end=\"6735\">Rate of Reaction<\/strong>: The change in concentration of reactants\/products per unit time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6805\" data-end=\"7095\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6807\" data-end=\"6846\"><strong data-start=\"6807\" data-end=\"6845\">Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6852\" data-end=\"7095\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6852\" data-end=\"6934\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6854\" data-end=\"6934\"><strong data-start=\"6854\" data-end=\"6884\">Concentration of Reactants<\/strong>: Higher concentration leads to a faster reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"6940\" data-end=\"7009\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"7009\"><strong data-start=\"6942\" data-end=\"6957\">Temperature<\/strong>: Higher temperature increases the rate of reaction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7015\" data-end=\"7091\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7017\" data-end=\"7091\"><strong data-start=\"7017\" data-end=\"7030\">Catalysts<\/strong>: Substances that speed up a reaction without being consumed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7099\" data-end=\"7209\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7101\" data-end=\"7209\"><strong data-start=\"7101\" data-end=\"7113\">Rate Law<\/strong>: Mathematical expression that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentration of reactants.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7216\" data-end=\"7292\"><strong data-start=\"7220\" data-end=\"7292\">Recommended Books for Chemistry Preparation for TNPSC, TRB, and RRB:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"7296\" data-end=\"7479\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7296\" data-end=\"7336\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7298\" data-end=\"7336\"><strong data-start=\"7298\" data-end=\"7336\">&#8220;Physical Chemistry&#8221; by P. Bahadur<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7340\" data-end=\"7386\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7342\" data-end=\"7386\"><strong data-start=\"7342\" data-end=\"7386\">&#8220;Organic Chemistry&#8221; by Morrison and Boyd<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7390\" data-end=\"7429\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7392\" data-end=\"7429\"><strong data-start=\"7392\" data-end=\"7429\">&#8220;Inorganic Chemistry&#8221; by J.D. Lee<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7433\" data-end=\"7479\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7435\" data-end=\"7479\"><strong data-start=\"7435\" data-end=\"7479\">&#8220;General Chemistry&#8221; by Ebbing and Gammon<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"\" data-start=\"7486\" data-end=\"7537\"><strong data-start=\"7490\" data-end=\"7537\">Practice Questions for TNPSC, TRB, and RRB:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"7539\" data-end=\"7980\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7539\" data-end=\"7599\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7542\" data-end=\"7585\"><strong data-start=\"7542\" data-end=\"7548\">Q:<\/strong> What is the atomic number of Carbon?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7589\" data-end=\"7599\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7589\" data-end=\"7599\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7591\" data-end=\"7599\"><strong data-start=\"7591\" data-end=\"7597\">A:<\/strong> 6<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7601\" data-end=\"7710\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7604\" data-end=\"7680\"><strong data-start=\"7604\" data-end=\"7610\">Q:<\/strong> Which of the following is a characteristic of an exothermic reaction?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7684\" data-end=\"7710\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7684\" data-end=\"7710\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7686\" data-end=\"7710\"><strong data-start=\"7686\" data-end=\"7692\">A:<\/strong> It releases heat.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7712\" data-end=\"7794\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7715\" data-end=\"7771\"><strong data-start=\"7715\" data-end=\"7721\">Q:<\/strong> What is the molar mass of sodium chloride (NaCl)?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7775\" data-end=\"7794\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7775\" data-end=\"7794\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7777\" data-end=\"7794\"><strong data-start=\"7777\" data-end=\"7783\">A:<\/strong> 58.5 g\/mol<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7910\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7799\" data-end=\"7870\"><strong data-start=\"7799\" data-end=\"7805\">Q:<\/strong> Which law states that the total energy of a system is conserved?<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"7874\" data-end=\"7910\">\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7874\" data-end=\"7910\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7876\" data-end=\"7910\"><strong data-start=\"7876\" data-end=\"7882\">A:<\/strong> First law of thermodynamics<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"\" data-start=\"7912\" data-end=\"7980\">\n<p class=\"\" data-start=\"7915\" data-end=\"7971\"><strong data-start=\"7915\" data-end=\"7921\">Q:<\/strong> Which of the following is a colligative property?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/padasalai.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/UGTRB-Chemistry-Unit-Study-Materials-English-Medium-PDF-Download.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TNPSC, TRB, RRB Chemistry Study Material Part &#8211; 1<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf &#8211;\u00a0I\u00a0 TNPSC\u00a0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc7, TNPSC\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0baf\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u00a0\u00a0\u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb2 \u0ba4\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0TNPSC\u00a0\u00a0\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1.\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u00a0PDF\u00a0\u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bc7 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u00a0Link-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0baa\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd. \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u00a0Link &#8211;\u00a0\u0b90 \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b87\u0bb2\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u00a0Download\u00a0\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd. Preview Material&#8230;https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1PD9GaI4YD2E7ZR64V3WuBShXdYeG-Lug\/preview Download Link is Here&#8230; Chemistry [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[206],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1807","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tnpsc-study-material"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1807","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1807"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1807\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1807"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1807"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.reilsolar.com\/ebook\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1807"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}